Senpai, Another Protector in Japan :: Essays Papers

Senpai, Another Protector in Japan In America, differences of days and status do not affect the kin between people as they do in Japan. Students can talk to professors in very casual ways. A freshman and a senior in college can be profound friends. In Japan, however, when Japanese people get together, their behaviors are influenced by an awareness of the order and rank of each person within the group according to age and social status. Respect to seniors is a social obligation that cannot be neglected. Nothing more clearly describes this hierarchal nature of Japanese society that the Japanese record senpai, meaning a senior or superior in any academic or corporate organization in our society. The attitude toward ones senpai is characterized by white-tieity, obedience, and trust.The relationship between inferiors or kohai and their senpai is very formal and strict. Japanese students meet their first senpai in junior or senior high school when they enroll in any kind of club, and this relationship lasts after their graduation. New students in the club are trained, just as soldiers are, to serve their senpai. When they talk to their senpai, they have to use a polite and formal language, called keigo in Japanese, to show respect to the senior. Whenever they meet their senpai, they have to bow. Calling seniors by their first names is a taboo. These very strict and formal relationships are similar to those in an army.In this army-like hierarchal system, obedience is the kohais most important value. When students enter the university, many different kinds of senpai wait for them in the clubs, in the dormitories, and in the departments of the university to which they belong. April is the month when school begins, the cherry blossoms take into full bloom, and have parties for the new students are seen under those cherry trees in the park. Each club, dorm, and department has its own welcome party, called a cherry blossom viewing party. Actually, these parties aim not to appreciate the beauty of nature but to make the new students drink as practically alcohol as possible. At the party, the poor freshmen have to drink all the cups of beer and sake, Japanese rice wine, given to them by their seniors. During cherry blossom viewing parties, ambulances come to parks and pick up the drunk students. They are forced to do whatever the seniors say, no matter how unreasonable or stupid it may sound.

Free Macbeth Essays: Appearance and Reality :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

Appearance and Reality in Macbeth     Appearance does not always consort with reality. A limited view on an plaint or a subject will likely lead to a limited or steady false conclusion. For example, in Shakespeares tragic play Macbeth, the sparing nobles viewed main character Macbeth as a bloody tyrant for the readers, Macbeth is not total crime character, but nearly a hero with much physical strength and greatness. Only if he didnt betray his king, he wouldve been a great thane. This strain is going to be dealt with this difference in appearance and reality of Macbeth   Macbeth is a deranged, old slice with flashes of former greatness. He came into the play as a adult male of honor respected by his fellow soldiers, and has shown great intrepidity and physical strength, fighting under King Duncan. As reported by the bloody ecumenical Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steelsmoked with bloody executioncarved out his passagefixed his head upon our battl ement. (I, ii, 15-25) From this quote we can image Macbeths heroic qualities courage, prowess and unstoppable. King Duncan greatly praised Macbeth for the Bravery and Loyalty, but what he didnt see from Macbeths face (Appearance) is the dark desire of Macbeth who is planning to murder the king (reality).   From this file on, as the witches prophecies come in and Macbeths ambition aided by Lady Macbeth, this heroic character in both the readers spirit and frugal nobles foreland started its downfall. After the murdered King Duncan, quoted from Banquo and I fear thou playdst most foully for t. (III, I, 3) all Scottish nobles are suspicious about Macbeth of murdering King Duncan. Ever after, Macbeth seems to believe in his philosophy things bad begun make strong themselves by ill, (III, iii, 55) and try to suppress up his murder by killing more and more. At last, his ambition drove him from a hero to a tyrant that blisterstongues (VI, iii, 10-15) Flashbacks of Macbeths greatne ss erstwhile again reappear at the end of his tragic story in the speech tomorrow, and tomorrow and tomorrow. (V, v, 15-30) Through this speech we can feel his gloom and rage toward his meaningless life lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player, that struts and frets his hours upon stage, and then is heard no more. When Macbeth realized the prophecies of his crisis coming, he said if this which he avouches does appear,/there is nor flying hence nor tarrying here.Free Macbeth Essays Appearance and Reality GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays Appearance and Reality in Macbeth     Appearance does not always retard with reality. A limited view on an event or a subject will likely lead to a limited or even false conclusion. For example, in Shakespeares tragic play Macbeth, the Scottish nobles viewed main character Macbeth as a bloody tyrant for the readers, Macbeth is not total reprehensible character, but nearly a hero with much physical strength and greatness. Only if he didnt betray his king, he wouldve been a great thane. This demonstrate is going to be dealt with this difference in appearance and reality of Macbeth   Macbeth is a deranged, old man with flashes of former greatness. He came into the play as a man of honor respected by his fellow soldiers, and has shown great bravery and physical strength, fighting under King Duncan. As reported by the bloody everyday Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steelsmoked with bloody executioncarved out his passagefixed his head upon our battlement. (I, ii, 15-25) From this quote we can image Macbeths heroic qualities courage, bravery and unstoppable. King Duncan greatly praised Macbeth for the Bravery and Loyalty, but what he didnt see from Macbeths face (Appearance) is the dark desire of Macbeth who is planning to murder the king (reality).   From this fate on, as the witches prophecies come in and Macbeths ambition aided by Lady Macbeth, this heroic character in both the readers mind and Scottish nobles mind started its downfall. After the murdered King Duncan, quoted from Banquo and I fear thou playdst most foully for t. (III, I, 3) all Scottish nobles are suspicious about Macbeth of murdering King Duncan. Ever after, Macbeth seems to believe in his philosophy things bad begun make strong themselves by ill, (III, iii, 55) and try to get over up his murder by killing more and more. At last, his ambition drove him from a hero to a tyrant that blisterstongues (VI, iii, 10-15) Flashbacks of Macbeths greatness at one time again reappear at the end of his tragic story in the speech tomorrow, and tomorrow and tomorrow. (V, v, 15-30) Through this speech we can feel his mourning and rage toward his meaningless life lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player, that struts and frets his hours upon stage, and then is heard no more. When Macbeth realized the prophecies of his crisis coming, he said if this which he avouches does appear,/there is nor flying hence nor tarrying h ere.

Balance Between Sense and Sensibility in Jane Austens Northanger Abbey

Balance Between Sense and Sensibility in Jane Austens Northanger AbbeyThroughout her novel, Northanger Abbey, Jane Austen integrates parody with characterization to emphasize the necessity of a balance between sentience and sensibility while reflecting a theme of the initiation of a young woman into the complexities of adult social life. This novel can be traced back as one of Jane Austens earliest works. It was written in 1798, further not published until 1818, and is an excellent example of what Austen believed a novel should not be. In the work Jane Austens Novels kind Change and Literary Form, Julia Prewitt Brown states The evident purpose of Northanger Abbey is to burlesque the popular fiction of her day, to carry its conventions and assumptions to an absurd extravagance (50.) To achieve her purpose Austen uses parody to face a comic version of a gothic novel while presenting false emotions of romanticism and concentrating on smooth human beings and their mutual reactions. The writer of the pure novel sets out to delight us not by prodigality of invention, the creation of a large gallery of characters, the alternation of a large number of contrasted scenes, but by attention to the formal qualities of composition, to design, to the subordination of the parts to the whole, the whole being the exploration of the relations between his characters or of their relations to a central detail or theme. (Allen, pp114.)In Northanger Abbey, Austen intended to reflect a contrast between a normal, healthy-natured girl and the romantic heroines of fiction thorough the use of characterization. By characterization the main character, Catherine Moorland, as a girl slightly affected with romantic notions, Jane Austen exhibits the co... ...ne show his sensibility. His imagination and creativity motivate him to read Gothic romances and to indulge in the effects that his inventive tales produce. His decision to marry Catherine is motivated by feelings of love that furthe r exemplifies his sensibility. Throughout the novel the readers see an excellent display of Henrys ability to give equilibrium between the two qualities. He passes his knowledge onto Catherine to help her to become a better person. At the end of the novel it is apparent that Henry has taught the keys of his advantage to Catherine. Works CitedAllen, Walter. The English Novel. New York E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1954. Austen, Jane. Northanger Abbey. 1818. Mineola, NY Dover Publications, 2000.Prewitt Brown, Julia. Jane Austens Novels Social Change and Literary Reform. Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1979.

Essays --

Robert MiyoshiDr. ContiCPRL 110-0415 December 2013The Religious Journey of Malcolm XMalcolm X is widely known as one of the most influential figures in the movement of Civil Rights. Although his views did change over time, he was always very sincere about his beliefs and stood by them one-hundred percent. He was born Malcolm Little, to a Baptist lay speaker and a Grenada-born homemaker, Malcolms family had to be relocated several times because of constant death-threats toward his founder. At the age of six, Earl, Malcolms father was killed in a streetcar accident that the family believed was the work of a etiolated supremacist group called the Black Legion. At thirteen, Malcolms mother was institutionalized at a mental hospital, leaving her children to be separated into foster homes. Although an excellent student in junior high school, Malcolm dropped out of school when a white instructor told him that his dream of practicing law was no realistic goal for a nigger. After a youth o f petty crime and a young due date of larger infractions, Malcolm found himself in jail for larceny and breaking and entering. While serving his eight to ten year sentence at Charlestown State Prison, Malcolm began schooling and furthering his education through reading. Also while in prison, Malcolms brother, Reginald visited him bearing news of a religion called the Nation of Islam. This belief system fit surface with Malcolms views of white people that they are devils and that black men and women are truly the superior race. While still in prison, Malcolm maintained correspondence with Elijah Muhammad, the attraction of the Nation of Islam. The X in Malcolms name began appearing in 1950 and replaced his surname Little because, his X replac... ...s as they saw that Nation as exclusively a role-reversal of the white/black conflict in the United States. The Nation of Islam was labeled as hatemongers, black supremacists, racists, violence-seekers, segregationists, and a threat t o improved race relations. Malcolm X went even as far as to denounce the civil rights movement and called Martin Luther King Jr. a chump and other civil rights leaders stooges of the white establishment. While in the height of his popularity among the Nation of Islam and as numbers of blacks in the United States joined the Nation, Malcolm had internal conflicts. These were because he had found out that Elijah Muhammad had had extramarital personal business with other members of the Nation of Islam a huge sin within the religion. Muhammad had had as many as six women that he had slept with and Malcolm X was deeply affected by his leaders actions.

The Trouble with Working It Essay -- Unemployment Jobs Careers Essays

The Trouble with Working ItAlison Hooker is a bright young woman. She is a middler communications major at Northeastern University and performing intimately in her classes. She has experience as a waitress and recently finished her first co-op at a broadcasting company in her indigen Chicago. She is friendly and outgoing, and carries herself with a confident, yet approachable demeanor. In all regards, she appears to be a capable and collected individual. Despite all these positive attributes, however, Hooker has been inefficient to find a handicraft in Boston.Ive applied so many places, said Hooker, who has been persistently searching for work since returning to Boston in January. It takes a lot of time to go out and apply to a lot of different places, and its even harder when you have classes all during the day. I potfult even remember every place I applied to, probably because a lot of them never even called back.Hooker isnt only in her sentiments of frustration. Within the past few years, finding a job has become increasingly difficult for people across the nation. Unemployment rates have, with few exceptions, been steady climbing, and that trend is reflected in many discouraged would-be workers.In Boston alone, average unemployment rates more than doubled in the past four years, from 2.9% in 2000 to a full 6% in 2003, according to statistics from the Massachusetts Division of Employment and Training (MDET). Finding and maintaining employment has been difficult for white-collar professionals, let alone unskilled college students that are only available for part-time hours. On the rare occasions that unemployment rates have declined in recent months, many analysts dismiss the seemingly positive statistic as a sign of the ... ...re hoping that things will soon be looking up for the average campus dweller. The statistics vary and the interpretations contradict for Alison Hooker, however, all that matters is whether all this sparing debate will lead to her finding a paycheck.It costs a lot of money to go to this school, and it would be really nice to be making some back, she said. I am not all that concerned about getting a real job after school. I think that the job contacts Im making through co-op will help a lot with that, said Hooker, who has plans to return to her previous co-op at a Chicago broadcasting corporation in June of 2004. Im not even looking for anything all that great right now, scarce something part-time. And I just feel like, I made it into college and am getting through all this higher learning- should it really be more difficult to get hired at Starbucks?

The Trouble with Working It Essay -- Unemployment Jobs Careers Essays

The Trouble with Working ItAlison Hooker is a bright young woman. She is a middler communications major at Northeastern University and performing well in her classes. She has experience as a waitress and recently finished her first co-op at a broadcasting company in her native loot. She is amiable and outgoing, and carries herself with a confident, yet approachable demeanor. In all regards, she appears to be a capable and collected individual. Despite all these positivist attributes, however, Hooker has been unable to hear a job in Boston.Ive applied so many places, said Hooker, who has been persistently searching for work since returning to Boston in January. It takes a lot of time to go out and apply to a lot of different places, and its even harder when you have classes all during the day. I cant even remember every place I applied to, probably because a lot of them never even called back.Hooker isnt alone in her sentiments of frustration. Within the past few years, finding a job has become increasingly difficult for people across the nation. Unemployment rates have, with few exceptions, been steadily climbing, and that propensity is reflected in many discouraged would-be workers.In Boston alone, average unemployment rates more than doubled in the past four years, from 2.9% in 2000 to a full 6% in 2003, according to statistics from the Massachusetts Division of Employment and Training (MDET). Finding and maintaining employment has been difficult for white-collar professionals, let alone illiterate college students that are only available for part-time hours. On the rare occasions that unemployment rates have declined in recent months, many analysts dismiss the seemingly positive statistic as a sign of the ... ...re hoping that things will soon be looking up for the average campus dweller. The statistics vary and the interpretations contradict for Alison Hooker, however, all that matters is whether all this economic vie will lead to her finding a payc heck.It costs a lot of money to go to this school, and it would be really nice to be making some(prenominal) back, she said. I am not all that concerned about getting a real job after school. I think that the job contacts Im making through co-op will help a lot with that, said Hooker, who has plans to return to her previous co-op at a Chicago broadcasting corporation in June of 2004. Im not even looking for anything all that great right now, just something part-time. And I just sapidity like, I made it into college and am getting through all this higher learning- should it really be more difficult to get hired at Starbucks?

Celsus Arguments Against Christianity

The first of 4 parameters I regard to be of importance is that of the virgin birth. messiah claims to be born of a virgin in the town of Bethlehem. It was said that Jesus was born to a virgin and theology himself. When it was time for Mary to expire birth she and her married man set off to have Gods son. Because there was no room at an Inn Jesus was born in a stable. On the contrary to what the Christian religion believes Celsus says that Jesus was born to a mother who was a spinner, and his legitimate father a popish soldier, genus Panthera (Celsus pg. 57). It seemed as if it ere common knowledge the transgressions that Jesus mother had committed with the Roman. When this was found verboten Jesus mother was cast out by her carpenter husband and convicted of adultery (Celsus pg. 57). The Jews then went on with the story by saying this was explained by the fact that Herod wanted Jesus killed so they fled to Egypt (Celsus pg. 59). Herod feargond that the son of God was going to be born and become the rightful faggot taking Herods throne. Herod sent out a decree that all male babies born would be vest to death.Celsus matte that being a God, Jesus should have not been afraid of death, but yet embrace it like the roman Gods did. He was a king after all, and kings were noble, righteous, brave, and willing to die for their subjects. This argument against Jesus seems to be just the beginning, in my opinion, of the downfall of his character. The next story I feel valid to Celsus arguments is that of the Christian combine and their followers. Celsus argued that instead of Jesus wanting all to follow his disciples seemed to pray on the weak and dumb (Celsus pg. 73-75). Jesus followers were the weak, poor, lame, children, and women.This was hardly the kingdom that was respectable. Roman Gods had kingdoms and armies of all kinds. It takes men, women, children, poor and rich to have a community. This was not the case for Christians. Christians used the excuse tha t those who were educated, sensible, or wise were evil (Celsus pg. 72). By welcoming alone the weak and slow into the Christian fold it looks as if they can only sell their ideas to those who cant think for themselves. It was like they were more interested in finding followers that were going to follow them no matter the stakes without any sort of challenge. Christianity seemed to be for the lower lass. This is surprising considering that Christianity was met with resistance from the Roman disposal where a lot of it needed to be done in secrecy. This seems to be a slap in the face to the Romans who encouraged progression and education, yet felt that loyalty was a must. Roman Gods be that of noble character and moral values. They surround themselves with people of the same(p) simile. Roman Gods were held to a higher standard and were evaluate to lead their lands with a moral compass and the best interests of everyone. They did not have the luxury of taking risky or even selfish chances.They had to be the upmost and noblest of leading to lead their people to a better life Jesus did not seem to follow this thinking, and surrounded himself with ten or eleven friends that he associated with (Celsus pg. 59) that were less than moral men, yet he was gaining followers (Celsus pg. 57). This was very dangerous to Rome. The next argument that seems to be of merit was that of GOD being God. In the nurture Celsus makes headways that the Christian God is nothing like the Greek and Roman Gods. The Christian God seemed as if he did not have an explanation as to why he let things happen to Good people.He did not have anyone he answered to. The Roman Gods and Kings were the authority of the land, but did not have the right to be judicious with their kingdoms and subjects. The decisions the Romans made affected everyone under their reign, and they made sure that what was done was done in the best interests of all. Not only was it their moral compass, but also an brassb ound duty to guide those under their authority in the ways of rightness. God did not follow this thinking pattern. God was justified by his followers by saying that it was a test they needed o endure. He was never challenged, or even questioned. Questioning seems to be a bit of taboo. Celsus brings up substantial points approximately God being unreachable and unable to save them from harm. My thinking on this was that he was sitting up in the sky watching, but doing nothing. Celsus points out that God keeps his purposes to himself for long periods of time and just stands by when evil overcomes good (Celsus pg. 77). Instead of stopping the suffering that going on he continued to let it happen. He just stood by when plagues, fires, earthquakes, and famines riddled the land.It is hard to fathom God being all knowing and all mighty, yet he sits around and watches as thousands of his followers are killed through these disasters that he could have ceased with a single command or swipe o f his hand. It does not seem to be something that a God with love for his children would let happen if he truly loved them like Christians claim. Instead his followers continued to believe that they just needed to have faith and they would be delivered. For Christians God, in likeness, is thought to be as man is with hands, body, and a voice that he uses to speak to his followers.In fact, it says man is made of Gods likeness and image (Celsus pg. 103). Celsus dis conditiond with this point wholeheartedly. That is not how God is at all. It was known that the true God in his infinity is without shape or color (Celsus pg. 103). Celsus also showed dissension in the fact that God is all powerful, but did nothing to save his own son from torture and death (Celsus pg. 39). Instead of using divine power, he let his son die a humiliating death. Kings and Gods would not have let this happen. They would have protected their own with everything they had, even if this meant their own deaths.The last argument that seemed to have merit for me in this book would have to be that of Christianity being unoriginal, and taken instead from many other religions. Instead of being something original and brought about by itself. The Christian faith is just a melting pot of many other religions and laws. It is said that Moses wrote their history so it reflected them in a verifying light. His doctrine was not only held by him, but many other nations and cities such as Egypt, Assyrians, Indians, Persians, Gaul, Getae, and so on (Celsus pg. 55). Many of the laws that are eld by Christianity were given their start by other nations. Even circumcision was said to be started by another society and picked up by the Jews. It seems as if all the facts are more of fables and stories from other people. It is even said that Gods wisdom and mans goes back to Heracleitus and Plato (Celsus pg. 93). Homer even writes about the Christians beliefs in the hereafter or resurrection. He says The gods will take you to the Elysian plains at the end of the earth, and there life will be easy (Celsus pg. 109). This is one of the biggest draws to the Christian faith.Everyone wants to believe that this life is not all there is to life. They want to believe there is life after death. It makes a person feel better about their lives. My point to this is that if the life hereafter is founded on someone elses principles, what is honest and original about Christianity? I think the thing that was the most eye opening point to me was the fact you always here the prophesy of this God and how he was slapped on a the cheek, and he did nothing in retaliation, except turn the other cheek. Plato shares the same sentiments when he is talking toSocrates in the Crito (Celsus pg. 113).. He talks about never ever doing wrong to someone even if they have avenged us first. He says that in doing that because we were wronged first, it is no different than if we had harmed the person first. Plato says it best in an exerpt So we should never take revenge and never violate anyone even if we have been hurt (Celsus pg. 113). I think Celsus was just in thinking Christianity had quite a few flaws in it. Celsus was Looking at it as many should. While they are taught that it is enough to just believe, sometimes that is not enough.Celsus was standing up for his country and his officials. He was putting thought in himself and the rules that were put down. We are taught to stand up for our country. How many times are we led astray by others? Do we simply just take officials word for it that They are doing what is right? I agree with Celsus that you stand for your country and your leaders. I also think and agree that you challenge someone if what they are saying seems to be a bit off. Celsus stood up for his gods and leaders of his country against someone who was threatening their very existence.

Measuring Calories and Structure and Role of Macronutrients

My hypothesis was incorrect for this taste the manufacturers calorie count was considerably higher than the results of this prove. Originally I thought that the manufacturers would return a lower calorie count in order to attract more customers into eating their products. Major companies would contrive proper facilities to be able to aright measure the amount of calories in their products however there argon several things that could have given a more accurate reading in the experiment.I believe that this is the reason why the results from the experiment were so different to that of the manufacturers. It is important to know exactly how many calories argon in the food and drinks we consume, this is because our bodies only look at a certain amount which we bear work out with our BMR. BMR stands for Basal Metabolic Rate and to calculate this it takes into account the persons age, weight, height and average train of exercise.If someone who has a BMR of 2200 calories and they are consuming 2500 calories each day then that person will gradually gain weight unless they increase their direct of exercise, using this same type of thinking it would work the other way around, if the same person consumed 2000 calories each day then they would gradually lose weight. Considering the experiment actually showed that the manufacturers have stated lower amount of calories I think that the principal(prenominal) reason for this would be low to the experiment itself.If I could do this experiment again I would try to find a way to trap more of the heat and send it towards the brush aside, in this experiment the foil was just on a lower floor the provoke which could allow a lot of heat to be lost to the environment which could make the results show the calories were lower than they really are. Another factor that could uphold the results is that the tin provoke itself could take some of the heat away from the water, the experiment requires the water to get heat to gath er a reading however if the can must be heated before it can reach the water then heat energy will be lost in the process. iodine aspect of the experiment that I would definitely change if I did it again would be to test more foods and to test each one multiple multiplication rather than just once each, this can ensure a more accurate reading. Explain how cells and tissues make use of macronutrients and review the scientific evidence that supports the mentation that an individual with a high BMI may have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. To keep the human body functioning correctly it postulate nourishment, through eating and drinking the body can get this.The most important nutrients the body requires are called macronutrients they are called this because they are the big (macro) nutrients. There are three macronutrients that are vital for the body to survive and these are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates can be obtained through consuming brea d, cereals, honey or other sugars. These carbohydrates are the bodies main source of energy, once they are in the body they can be broken down in two ways, the simple sugars can be use straight away within the cells were as the more complex sugars need to be broken down by the enzymes in the gut to make them into the simpler sugars. erst these sugars are in the cells they can be used for internal respiration to help the cells and tissues to function. If not all the energy from the carbohydrates is required then the body can also store it as fat. Fats are used for two main purposes, the first being insulation. When the environment is too cold for the body to handle fats can help to insulate the heat and keep our bodies warm. The second use of fats is food storage, when the body is not getting teeming energy from foods it can break down these food stores to produce extra inevitable energy.Fats can be obtained from foods such as butter or olive/sunflower oils. Proteins are the last m acronutrient, these can be used for energy however this is not their main function. The main function of the proteins is the building and repair of tissues. Our muscles are made of an estimated 20% protein, when tissues such as muscles get damaged proteins are used to repair them so the body can function once more.Information provided by the BMJ (British Medical Journal) states that research has shown children who have a high BMI between 9 and 12 years of age are more apt(predicate) to have high blood line pressure, cholesterol and blood insulin levels (all risk factors for developing feeling disease) by the time they reach adolescence. This shows that there is a link between BMI and the causes of cardiovascular disease. An individuals BMI can be calculated by using their height and weight so it can tell you if you are over, under or the rock-loving weight.So this research is fundamentally saying that if a child is overweight and continues to be overweight, the chances are they could develop symptoms that commonly lead to cardiovascular problems. Being overweight can be caused by the body storing too much fat, which in turn can be caused by eating too many fats and/or carbohydrates and not doing enough animal(prenominal) exercise. If a person has a high BMI it means that their body is getting more nourishment than it needs or is not using up enough of the carbohydrates leading to fat stores. Cardiovascular disease can be caused by a variety of different symptoms such as the ones mentioned in the report.An example of how these could be linked to having a high BMI could be high blood pressure, if there are fats or cholesterol blocking a part of the cardiovascular system, the heart will have to work harder to pump the blood around the body and by doing this it is causing unnecessary work for the heart, and this is what leads to more life threatening problems. What is the intention of vitamins and minerals in the human diet? Give one example of each of the above that affect the same body tissue/organ if that are deficient. As well as the macronutrients the body also needs micronutrients (minerals) and vitamins.Examples of minerals would be calcium, iron, etc. These are important like the macronutrients however they are just needed in smaller doses giving them the name micro (small). Examples of vitamins would be vitamin C which is found in citrus fruits and vitamin K which can be found in leafy green foods such as broccoli or spinach. Much like minerals, these are important just like the macronutrients but these vitamins are just needed in very small doses. Examples of how these can affect the human body would be calcium and vitamin D.Calcium can be mainly found in dairy products as well as leafy green vegetables. Calcium is what builds and maintains our bones. Without calcium in our bodies bone density would decrease and would be more likely to suffer from breaks. As well as consuming enough calcium the body also relies on a healthy level of vitamin D, this is mostly produced in the skin through the use of ultra violet rays from the sun. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption within the body. This means that bones rely on a healthy balance between both calcium and vitamin D.If the body is deficient in either one of these two nutrients the whole skeletal system could be at risk of developing problems such as ricketts or osteoporosis. Ricketts is when the bones a softened due to the lack of calcium present in them, causing them to be prone to fractures or deformity. Osteoporosis is when the bones become less dense causing them to weaken, become brittle and break. The main problem with osteoporosis is that once the bones have broken, they are difficult to heal again as there is simply not enough calcium to maintain them again.

How to Calculate Retirement Funds

To calculate the present value of interest and principal payments, you will need to use the hatful function, rather than the UP function, since the cash flows in the principal and interest columns are not constant throughout time. What do you observe when you look at these song? Explain. (c) Using your amortization table, what Is the principal that remains to be paid after you have completed 15 courses of payments? How does this figure relate to the payments that you have already made? How does this figure relate to your remaining payments? Explain. (d) Suppose that you had bought this house in June of 2006 under the terms scribed above.Since that date, the average house has declined in value at the calculate of 1% per month. This is the national average for the 3-year period ending summer 2009. Assuming that you also experienced this price decline on your house, at what point in calendar time will you owe more in principal on the loan than the house is worth? Assume throughou t that you make any payment on time and that house prices continue to decline until at least this point in time. Answer the same question if you had paid 30% down Instead of 10%. Explain why your answers are different. E) Now suppose that your house from get down (d) was located In Miami, FL.The average decline in housing prices over this time period in Miami was about 2% per month for the last 4 years. Assume that your houses price declined by the same gist as the average house in the Miami area. How does a 2% decline change your answers to part (d)? Are the answers the same or different? Explain. NOTE For questions rail a spreadsheet model for part. Use this spreadsheet model with additional calculations for part b, c, d, e. Written answers to the questions in b, c, d, and e should be place on a separate worksheet In the same document. 2.Suppose that your salary at age 25 Is $72,500 and that you are paid on a monthly basis. You plan to retire at age 65 and will need 75% of you last years salary as Income after you retire for living expenses. You have saved $55,000 to date. You want to build your dream seat to live out the rest of your life in at age 50. Based on current prices Ana an Notation rate Tanat Is expected to recrudesce at 1% per year Inelegantly, you project this home will cost $1,000,000 to complete. You have some older relatives that have always had an interest in you and have indicated that you are in their wills. Assume that you will inherit $100,000 in 5 years.Assume that you like to travel and plan to take one nice trip every year starting at the end of your first year of retirement until age 75. The average price of the kind of trips you would like to take is $5,000 today and will rise with inflation. You project that your salary will grow at a rate of 2% and that your retirement income needs will grow at 1%. Finally, contract that you expect to live to age 85 and that you wish to have a balance at the end of your life that is equal t o the present value of 5 years of your needed income. The appropriate interest rate for your working life is 9% and declines to 6% after you tire.Both rates of return are nominal. Assume that issue rate and interest rates are quoted as annual figures and reported as EARs. A) What % of your monthly salary do you need to start saving to control your expected needs? Find the solution to this problem by taking all cash flows to the present (I. E. Age 25) b) Verify that your monthly savings from part a plus your initial savings and inheritance described above will allow you to pay for the house at age 50. NOTE wee-wee a spreadsheet model to answer these two questions and place it in the same document as your answers to questions 1 .

Attachment Report: Kenya Seed Company Limited Essay

As per the requirement of the Bachelor in commerce and economics course structure, I was obliged to undertake an industrial attachment at an organic law of my choice for a period of eight weeks. This exercise was meant to enable me glamatise with action environment, exercise skills and knowl pungency acquired in university and gain more competence in my area of specialization. The industriousness process begun as early as third socio-economic class 2nd semester and I must say it was not an indulgent proletariat because I cant count the get of application I made by some(prenominal) letters and e-mail True to say, opportunities as it has been penned cut down knocks ones at every mans admission or a womans door if I am allowed to appreciate g hold oner parity. If not so they count ones in a blue moon and as somebody with superior minds has advised, in order for one to acquire this rare commodity he/she has to oblige jumping and if any comes across in the process of jumping grasp it and capitalize on it.I would link these wise words to be me macrocosm accorded an opportunity to work and exercise the skills and knowledge that I micturate acquired through the years I gain been undertaking my under-graduate degree programme at the sanctuary of Global excellence in Training, innovation and development(JKUAT). As explicitly indicated in the c everyplace page this rare opportunity was accorded to me by the Trans-National Bank Management. I began my industrial attachment on 13th of June 2011 to 26th of August 2011.This trans young-fangleds to around ten weeks.The starting time day basically involved an orientation programme where I was interpreted through the various divisions in the bank and introduced to the staff members. The de cave inments that I was taken through were customer care, change department, notes department, merchandising department and credit department where I worked under the supervision of the first manager Jacinta Ndolo and sch ool based supervisor Dr. Margret Oloko. I must say that it was an exciting opportunity working in an organization which forms part of the pillars of the economy. In one way or another I k wise I would extend my run in economic building slice there. These whitethorn probably be evidenced in the duties that I leave perform.2.0 Objectives of the attachmentThe main objectives of the attachment were as follows* Impact and allow the learner/ assimilator glamatise with the work environment through partaking accorded roles and duties in the organization. This forms a good basis for their future placement in the work industry.* It acts as a measure where student or an individual can re new-fangled what has learnt and what is on the ground therefore be culmination a gauge for his/her future success in the chosen field of battle specialization * Beside what is learnt in the university, the student gets an opportunity to acquire more skills and knowledge * Gives an opportunity for an ind ividual or the student practically exercise the theoretical part learnt in school or at the university. * Attachment is manage a pace setter for an individuals or the student future work. That is the student knows where to position him-self or her-self in the market. * It also forms a good basis for the organization employee out-sourcing processes because from the interns they are able identify potential future employees for the organization. * Instill courage and sense of certificate of indebtedness in the students even as they purpose to seek logical argument opportunities in future3.0 Mainframe of the report3.1 General description of the organization and the departments where attached. 3.1.2 Brief accounting of the organization and its roleTrans-national Bank always abbreviated as TNB is a private company which came into existence in 1985 as a SACCO. In the late 80s it was fully chattered as a private bank that would provide both personal banking function and cooperate banki ng services in the republic of Kenya. It has excellent products for wasted account holders and run intoers congestion free banking, innovative and responsive products and services, affordable bank charges and speed in decision making are its strong point over competition. 3.1.3 Physical Address of the Organization.Trans-National Bank (Kirinyaga Road Branch. P.o Box 69963-00400 TOM MBOYA NAIROBI, KENYA TEL224235/6, 252188-90 Emailmanagerkirinyagardtnbl.co.ke3.1.4 Vision and Mission of the BankThe organization is driven by a number of factors which include their vision and mission. These driving forces are as out-lined below VISION To be theregional financial service provider of choice MISSION cooking of convenient financial services and solutions to customers through high standards of service while increasing stake holders value.3.1.5 The Core Values of the OrganizationProfessionalismIntegrityEfficiency substructureTeam workGood cooperate governance and social responsibility.3.1.6 The role of the organizationThe main and core role of the organization is but provision of banking services in the republic plus engaging corporate social responsibilities 3.1.7 Expectation of the Organization.The bank plans to win a large personal banking clientele over the coming years and continue to expand and spread its wings across all the corners of the country. The bank also expects that its scratch profit is going to continually rise year in year out. Beside this it also expects that its marketing team will continually seek to come up with tailor made products for its customers3.1.8 Structure and Management of the organizationLike any other organization it has a structure of management composed of the Directors, chief Executive officer(C.E.O), Audit committee, Credit committee, strategy committee, risk committee, Assets and financial obligation management committee, Human re reservoir committee, secretaries, Registered Office, Auditors, Advocates, managers, operations o fficers and staff members. The above can be summarized by the table belowThe Board of directorsChief Executive policemanAudit committeeCredit committeeStrategy committee Risk committee Assets & Liability committee Human resource committeeSecretaries Registered office Auditors Advocatesoperations Officers IT committee Tellers & immediate paymentiers other staff members3.1.9 The Organizations BranchesThe head office is in Nairobi (Trans-National Plaza) city abode way. The company boasts of several branches across the country ranging from Nairobi Branch(city hall way)JKIA branchKirinyaga Road BranchEPZ(Export Processing Zone)Mombasa BranchMombasa International Airport BranchEldoret BranchNandi Hills BranchKericho BranchNakuru BranchKabarak BranchOlenguruone BranchKabarnet Branch, tribal sheikh Karume branch among others3.2.0 The Services and Products being offered at the BankThe Bank offers a variety of services and products ranging from Current accountsSavers AccountsTransaction Acco unt,Mshahara Account (Salaried individuals)Mrembo Acount (Ladies Account)Msomi Account (Students Account)Angels Account ( Childrens Acount)Investment Account,Hazina Account (Self Employed Individuals)Mint Account,Fixed DepositsSWIFT RemmitancesStanding Instructions,Air Time Top UpSMS Banking e.t.c.4.0 Departments at the organization.The main departments found at the station where I was attached and I happened to traverse across were as follows. * The customer care Service* The marketing department* The clearing department* The cash Department* The credit department5.0 General activities Undertaken in the OrganizationFiling of account opening forms for clientsFiling of RTGS( Real Time Gross Settlement Forms) and their verification Memos Filing of TTS( Telegraphic Transfers Forms)Filing of clearing documents, cheque book request forms, expenses receipts e.t.c Issuing of cheque books and recording themPhotocopying and printingTurning on and off the dusts, setting them up and general updating of the softwares. Documents and parcels delivery between the branch and main Head Quarters at the Central Business order (C.B.D) Stock taking (That includes posting of all received stock i.e stationery in the system) Assisting clients fill the BRITACK (British American) I.P.O (Initial Public Offer) forms.6.0 Specific activities undertaken during the attachmentThe core activities were undertaken at departmental level during the period of attachment and they are as stipulated below. 6.1 The customer care service DepartmentAttending to general inquires from clients/customers.Availing account balances and statements of accounts to clients Assisting new clients open new accounts.Closing of in-active accounts.Activating of de-activated accounts upon clients request.Updating clients accounts.The Marketing Department.Marketing the organizations products and services within the branch area and Nairobi environs in general Visiting both present and potential clients at their business premises to find out their progress, challenges facing them, seeking their opinion on the level of satisfaction and possible values on our products and services. Preparing call reports after every marketing outing.Phone calls to unreached clients during call visits for updates or follow up exercise. Attending marketing meetings with the marketing managers.Providing a quick available, service-focused, knowledgeable and experienced point of contact for new customers. Cross-selling the banks products effectively.Identifying customer needs effectively and open new accounts accordingly.Managing the customer portfolio which comprises of high net worth local investors Updating and continually maintaining KYC (Know Your customer) on all clients held in our portfolio, including up to date information on clients financial background. Identifying market for the organization6.2 The clearing DepartmentReceiving and verification of chequesRecording of unpaid chequesIssuing and recording of ban kers chequesRunning the cheques through Checkpoint Truncation System (CTS).This involves capturing the images of all cheques through a scanner, undertaking nub entry, verification and generating their commission. Posting of cheques inOMNI (Omni is network that allow posting of cheques online so that respective recipients can access them wherever they are. Undertaking TR (transfer) this is done for inward cheques and is simply transferring the money from drawers account to the payee account and the same applied to KRA(Kenya Revenue Authority) tax remittance by clients. Recording of received cheque books, issued ones and balancing the books on daily basis. Sorting cheques in order of bank codes and follows in preparation for cross checking with the Outward Clearing Report (OWCLG).6.3 The Cash Department* Organizing Cashiers cubicle, stamps in readiness of the day. * Acquiring controlled balanced cash at the start of the day. * Scrutinizing cash withdrawal cheques and slips for corre ctness before accepting them. * Scrutinizing cash/cheque accommodate pay in slips for correctness of technical details before receiving. * Forex transactions i.e. buying and selling of foreign echange * Verifying customers signature.* Paying cash within the limit and referring cheques for limit authorization. * Posting of cash deposits, withdrawals and Cheques for local clearing. * Issuing of Bankers cheques.* Sorting of soiled notes.* Assisting in cash confirmation ready for seal off and lodgment. * Making references to the operations manual to ensure compliance. * Reconciliation of accounts as assigned by the branch Manager * Any other back office work assigned by the branch manager.6.4 The credit DepartmentThe credit department basically deals with provisions of loans and asset financing to the clients. The core activities involved Receiving loan application forms/documents from applicants.Analyzing, scrutinizing and assessing their loan documents which include their securities . Undertaking account statistics which included analyzing applicants transaction turnover, commissions, interest and ledger fees. Making call visits to applicants business premises to incur thefollowing facts as part of loan lending process The location of the business and their officesThe type of business one is operating i.e. company, partnership, sole- proprietorship e.t.c The description of goods and services being offered by the business e.g. Hard-ware, stationery, Hotel, e.t.c. The major suppliers and customers of the loan applicantWhether they do any importation or exportationThe mode of payment to suppliers i.e. through cash, cheques,TTs(Telegraphic Transfers) or RTGS(Real Time Gross settlement). Their new investment plan i.e. new products, fixed asset acquisition , , how long they switch been in business, the expectation from the investment and if they have had any changes since their establishment. The key management number of employees and their qualification. After all this exercise I was expected make an appraisal report for the applicant in partnership with other members in the credit department. This would then be passed to manager for approval before being forwarded Head office. 7.0 A profile of skills and competencies gainedI must have a go at it that during this period numerous skills and impartment was gained and they are as outlined below Further improved my intercourse skills as being well-nigh important skill through acting with clients through marketing exercise, customer service department and general communication to clients in the departments that I worked Handling of bulk cash including verification, sorting, sealing e.t.c never new much about loan procedures but got an opportunity to know them as has been stipulated under the activities under-taken in the credit department. Writing of bankers cheques was a key skill gained. Never in my living had I written one. More to it I learnt that bankers cheques permit no alteration of any magnitude because if it goes with alteration chances are high that it will bounce. Preparation of call reports and appraisals for loan applicants and new customers was also a key thing that I learned. How to identify original and fake cash by spy certain features through a special cash scanner.8.0 Activities which I applied my skills for the benefit of the organization.Being through a learning and education system, I came to tote up that it is an essential and critical instrument in an individual life and as many institutions would phrase their mottos and vision, true to say education is key, light or alley to many things in an individuals life. Therefore to me the skills I have acquired in institutions of learning enabled me serve the organization in the following ways My communication skills enabled me to owe a number of new clients to the organization during the marketing spree and while at customer service. The computer skills that I gained earlier in my life also enable d me solve a few computer errors and software hitches at the organization. The courage I have accrued by embracing leadership positions enabled me interact with clients of all personalities. Through entrepreneurial knowledge gained in university I was able to make significant and immense contribution during marketing and other staff meetings for branch evaluation and addressing pressing issues.9.0 Strategy for utilization of the contacts established during attachment Serving at the branch as an intern enabled me to expand my public relation grease by a significant percentage. I have brushed shoulders with people of divergent personalities and caliber both during office work and during marketing sessions and call visits. This clear me to the market and thus I believe was able to position myself well in the job market. Therefore the contacts, I believe will give me an edge both now and in future as I seek personal and societal establishment. The ideologies also gained through contac ts will be used in constructive manner through the daily processes that I will be undertaking or engaging myself in. 10. 0 Challenges of internship.Getting the attachment in the first place was a major hurdle that was difficult to jump across. Many application were made but almost 90% were almost unfruitful Expenses incurred in the whole process of attachment ranging from application to actual working period were very high. That included the travel cost, accommodation among others proved quite challenging uncooperative clients. Some clients at work place would fail to follow stipulated bank procedures and one had to be patient enough in directing and reminding them what they are say to do. Dealing withdead-lines. At times dealing with date-lines proved wanting because of bulk of work, time given to accomplish it and the drudge force available to accomplish become overload. Sometimes work was so much more especially during end-months where organizations are paying salaries to the ir workers and tax remittance by the organizations11.0 Suggested solutions to the above challengesThe University should chip in by liaising with various organizations to assist students get attachment. Availing of any attachment information at their disposal e.g it came to my notice that some organization needs a prior of like three months before the actual date of attachment commencement. Provision of allowances The organizations should consider providing some allowances to interns for their upkeep during the attachment period and also act as source of motivation. Civic education on clients on organizations rules and etiquette. The organizations should organize forums where clients can be taught operational etiquette, rules, terms and conditions of operations Provide reasonable date-lines. This should put into consideration the amount of work to be done and available time and also the number of workers Increase the staff members This would counter the problem workload and beating d ate-line12.0 Analysis, poster and critiques12.1Analysis and observationIt was conspicuously observed that there was a significant relationship between what is learned in the university or in the school and what is practiced or exercised in the industry. A few of the things I have learnt and were being used in the industry included the Amortization schedules concepts, reducing balances concepts, reconciliation concepts, market segmentation concepts, partnership, matched pricing, required improvement on existing banks products and new ones, strategies on improving the companies corporate brand strategy state of sales team and possible improvements, staffing systems e.g adequacy of staff members and skills responsive to business growth, efforts to enhance performance of staff, efforts to create a conducive and professional environment that embeds bank values, efforts to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness incustomer service delivery and alternative delivery channels. I f one keenly cuts across this we can abstain that quite a number of these things we have learnt in the units that we have covered so far ranging from accounting, finance, marketing, Human Resource Management among other units. Therefore if approximately analyzed I can conclude that 80% of what did was related to what I learnt in the university. 12.2 CritiquesPoor communication and feedback system. I would say that there were frequent break down in communication system at place of attachment due to poor network or unstable network in the system that was being used to relay clients information. This created a lot of inconviencies both to clients and workers who had to work overtime because of such failures Under-staffing Serving clients adequately and finishing work on time was a problem because of less labor force at the firm Lack of motivation to the staff if one compares the staff re-numeration with the amount work done, it was not really motivating. Workers also worked over-time as late as 9pm but with no extra time allowance which was a really de-motivating experience. Lack of privacy i.e absence of closed door office. The back door offices were open that is the window panes were trans-parent allowing clients see all the transaction under-taken there therefore posing a security threat to the organization which mainly deals with finances.13.0 RecommendationInterns who have successfully completed their attachment and have proved their worth in their area of specialization should be absorbed back in the organization. This would aid the organization in cutting cost on training, orientation of new employees e.t.c Increase the staff. The staff numbers should be increased in the organization to facilitate improvement in service delivery hence profit realization. Aggressive marketing. The organization needs still to do a lot in terms of marketing itself and its products in the republic if it needs to proof its worth in the market. Motivation should be embraced. Th e employees there need a lot of motivation if the organization is to up its performance in the banking industry Quick service delivery to clients should be looked into consideration and this would be solved by staff increment and improvement in the communication net-work at theorganization. 14.0 Summary and conclusions.I must acknowledge that going for an attachment was one the most interesting and captivating things in my life. One of the most valuable lessons learnt from the internship is that it is of the essence that one enjoys their job. It is unimaginable that a person should go through so many years of schooling just to end up sulking each and every day of their work such people were met during the attachment it is not a desirable state to be in. In most of the cases,the internship served to apprise more of what not to do rather than what to do. It clearly brought out the importance of integrating ones personality and interests with their occupation, although this may not b e easy in the light of the highly competitive job market in todays world. However, it should be noted that enjoying ones job does not necessarily imply that one has the ideal job they have always envisioned since this may be based on hypothetical beliefs and expectations rather, it implies finding that job that brings the best out of ones personality that occupation that will bring fulfilment and satisfaction and that will lead to a perfection of the homosexual person. In addition to the above, it can be concluded that flexibility in terms of career choice is necessary. It is not guaranteed that one will necessarily end up working in the specific field of study that they have undertaken in their undergraduate program after all, job dynamics are rectify learnt on the job itself than in class. It is therefore important that one is open to any viable opportunities that may present themselves, other than the ideal job that may have been envisaged, provided they bring the best out of o nes capabilities.

Rethinking Marketing Essay

Companies today have technology that enables them to interact directly with guests. Firms must make intention of this technology to focus on node needs and develop into customer-oriented companies rather than product oriented ones. In order to facilitate this interpolate a change in the companys strategies as well as structure be screws necessary. This change includes reinventing the organizations marketing department entirely. One such change in dodge involves customer cultivation. Companies must move from being traditional companies to customer cultivating companies. A customer cultivating company is one that focuses on individual or small groups of customers as opposed to a traditional company that focuses on the mass. Many firms today are trying to make this dodging work. For example IBM, Tesco and American express.Next we come to change in structure, which involves reorganizing the marketing department. * Firstly CMOs must be replaced by CCOs (chief customer officer). The C COs job is to plan and implement the firms customer relationship strategy and supervise all customer- approach functions. * Secondly under the CCO will work the customer managers who identify the customers needs and direct brand mangers to fulfill those needs. * Customer- facing functions some functions such as the customer relationship management that forms a part of the IT department must be made a part of the customer department. CRM (a tool for gauging customer needs and behavior) contains the data needed to implement customer cultivation strategy and hence essentially forms a part of the customer department.* mart research market research changes to become more customer focused as well. * Research and Development marketing and R&D must be integrated so that the customer itself can be brought into the process of designing products. * Customer service the customer department must handle this service to look into both quality and expression long-term relationships with customers .With change in strategy there comes a need to change the measures that gauge the effectiveness of the strategy as well. These changes in measures are as follows* Product profitability to customer profitability* Current sales to customer lifetime value* Brand equity to customer equity* And lastly market share to customer equity share.All in all the article considers reinventing the strategies and structure of companies to make them focus on building lasting customer relations rather that building brands.

Presentation on the Federal Parent plus Loans- Stanford University

The Federal plus program is a popular financing election for parents of dependant undergraduate students. The loanwords are borrowed in the parents own name. The details involved areLoan metre up to the full amount can be borrowed. The costs include tuition, room & board, allowance for books, personal expenses, and transport.Credit qualification borrowers will need to meet a minimum extremity to be able to apply. For instance, a denotation check is conducted. Parents who dont qualify can borrow additional federal Stafford student loan funds. invade rate a fixed interest rate of 8.5% is charged if loans are borrowed after July 1st. Loan fees 3% original fee and a federal slackness fee of up to 1% will be deducted from each disbursement of your loan.Disbursements it will be done in thirds at the beginning of each pedantic quarter. Funds are disbursed directly to Stanford via Electronic funds Transfer and applied to your students University bill. A refund can be given if your di sbursement exceeds the balance due. Repayment done after 60 days of full disbursement. Repayment is 10 years.The plus loans are funded by private lenders like banks and credit unions. The federal government sets the limits on fees, interest rates and minimum deferment options. Lenders however offer more benefits beyond minimum government requirements. When re-applying, the same lender can be used.How to applyThe following steps are followedGo to the link https//www.nela.net/hosted/stan1.aspx to request for the loan. You can specify the amount you want to borrow. The link is escaped to use. In 2-4 weeks, an email from Sallie Mae, the Company managing our online process will be received. The email will direct you to the website where you can specify you lender and complete your promissory distinction which, can be signed by electronic signature. If the email is not received, check for your promissory note on Stanfords OpenNet page.For inquiries, you can call our loan processing agenc y, Northwest Education Loan Association (NELA), toll-free at (800) 979-4441. Be sure to identify yourself as a Stanford parent requesting a overconfident loan.REFERENCESFederal Parent PLUS Loans, http//www.stanford.edu/dept/finaid/loanprocessing/plus.html viewed on 3rd April 2008.

Employee Motivation in Low Income Earning Jobs: Subway

Chapter 1 Introduction Background to the study A motivated employee works hard and effectively because of the satisf symbolizeory feeling of fulfillment. In championship counsel, demand is an important research field. Over the years, on that point stool been many indigence theories developed. One of the nigh famous theories is on the basis of Abraham Mas pocket-sizeds hierarchy of leases. Maslow (1954) argued that individuals have a hierarchy of makes, and true demand is achieved by fulfilling higher take of needs. Emphasized by heterogeneous motivation theories, income ( coin) has been an essential factor which can see motivation.Someone who has low income byplays tends to have low motivation. Consequently, low motivation leave alone result in low effectiveness and high rate of staff turnover, which has a contradict influence on companys performances. As a multi-national company, resistance has achieved international success over the years. In the UK and Ireland, sinc e the first store opened in 1996, subway system is continuing to expand at a substantial rate, with an average of five stores opening every week (www. subway. co. uk). During the past two years, resistance has provided to a great extent than 7000 theorises in UK and Ireland (www. ubway. co. uk). Therefore, the research based the lineament study of vacuum tube will have a wide range of indications in terms of employee motivation. Statement of the task Self motivationonly exists when people agree that there is a beneficial relationship in the midst of their behavior and their desired results. If an employee is only working in a low income working coif because of bullion, it will be difficult to motivate them because it is very hard to convince them that they argon staying in the best place for themselves.As a result, the rate of employee turnover is comparatively high. Motivation therefore has become a big issue to both employees and managers. From employees perspective, th ey have to find the factors which can aliment them motivated. From managers perspective, they have to find the solutions which can befriend motivate their employees. Aims and intents To identify the main factors that affect motivation in Subway employees To investigate the methods apply by Subway managers in motivation employees To find out the problems of motivation in SubwaySignificance of the study Motivation is a powerful tool in the work places because it can fasten employees to work at their most efficient trains of performances (Steinmetz, 1983). In order to achieve system of rulesal objectives, managers have to motivate the right people to join in the organization and stay. The to a greater extent motivated the employees atomic number 18, the to a greater extent empowered the team is. From this regard, this research can help to identify elements which affect employee motivations and the effective motivational ways. MethodologyThis project will be based on questionnai res among Subway employees, who receive the national minimum engross. The questionnaires will be designed to highlight altogether the factors regarding motivation and distri unless(prenominal)ed to respective(a) Subway stores in Birmingham. The data collected from the questionnaires will thereafter be analyzed. Plan of the Study The project encompasses five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of this research, which briefly presents the background, importance, plan, scope and limitation of this project.The min chapter reviews the relevant literature and journals. In this chapter, the meaning of motivation, major motivation theories, the application of motivation, contemporary issues on motivation and usefulness and limitations of motivation will be discussed. Chapter terce focuses on the methodology utilized by this project. Chapter four presents the research analysis on the basis of the data collected. The last chapter is the conclusion of the whole project, as hy gienic as the recommendation. Scope and Limitation The scope of this project is based on the Subways in Birmingham area.However, due to time constraints, the questionnaires are only distri only whened in 20 Subways stores. Chapter 2 Literature Review Meaning of motivation The term motivation is originated from the Latin word for movement (movere). In 1964, Vroom explained that motivation is a process organization choice made by persons . . . among alternative forms of voluntary activity (Vroom, 1964). Similarly, Atkinson (1964) defined motivation as the contemporary (immediate) influence on direction, vigor, and persistence of action.Furthermore, Campbell and Pritchard withal proposed that motivation is related with a set of independent/ dependent variables that explain the direction, amplitude, and persistence of an individuals behavior, holding constant the effects of aptitude, skill, and scaning of the task, and the constraints operating(a) in the environment. All these expla nations have three super C elements that is, they are all concerned with factors or events that energize, channel, and sustain human behavior. According to various theories, motivation whitethorn be rooted in the basic need to minimize tangible pain and maximize pleasure.It may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of being, ideal. It may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. There are two kinds of motivation indispensable and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is internal. It happens when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance, or desire. Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors lead the person to do something. A common place that applies motivation is work place. In the work place, motivation plays a key role in the success of leadership.A person who cant understand the meaning and the importance of motivation will not become a le ader. Also, to stay as a leader, he/she in any case needs to utilize motivation in the work place. Employee motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an employee to work in an effective level, to accomplish organizational goals. It is necessary for organization to enhance motivation level of the employees to bring out the best performances from them. Major Motivation Theories Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs One of the most influential authors in the area of motivation is Abraham Maslow (1954).Abraham Maslow (1954) integrated various research related to human motivation. Prior to Maslow, researchers just focused on motivational factors separately, such as biology, achievement, or power to explain what energizes, directs, and sustains human behavior. Maslow proposed a hierarchy of human needs on the basis of two groupings deficiency needs and growth needs (Maslow, 1954). Within the deficiency needs, every lower need must be met before moving to the next higher level (Ma slow, 1954). The first four levels are 1) Physiological hunger, thirst, bodily comforts, etc. 2) Safety/ credential out of danger 3) Belongingness and Love affiliate with others, be accepted and 4) Esteem to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition (Maslow, 1954). According to Maslow (1954), an individual is ready to act upon the growth needs if and only if the deficiency needs are met. Maslows initial conceptualization included only one growth need self-actualization (Maslow, 1954). Self-actualized people are characterized by 1) being problem-focused 2) incorporating an ongoing freshness of appreciation of life 3) a concern about personal growth and 4) the ability to have peak experiences (Maslow, 1954).Maslow by and by differentiated the growth need of self-actualization, specifically naming two lower-level growth needs prior to general level of self-actualization and one beyond that level (Maslow, 1971). They are 5) Cognitive to know, to understand, and explore 6) Ae sthetic symmetry, order, and beauty 7) Self-actualization to find self-realisation and realize ones potential and 8) Self-transcendence to connect to something beyond the ego or to help others find self-fulfillment and realize their potential (Maslow, 1971).Maslows basic idea is that as one becomes more self-actualized and self-transcendent, one becomes wiser and knows what to do in a wide variety of situations (Maslow, 1971). He too recognized that not all personalities followed his proposed hierarchy (Maslow, 1954). Maslow published his supposition over 50 years ago and it has since become one of the most universal and a great deal cited theories in the field of human motivation. Frederick Herzbergs two-factor supposition Another significant motivational theory was developed by Frederick Herzberg, who had close links with Maslow.Frederick Herzberg believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that wou ld directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators) (Herzberg, 1959). However, there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors) (Herzberg, 1959). Motivators are more associated with the antic itself (Herzberg, 1959). For instance, how interesting the work is and how much opportunity it gives for extra responsibility, recognition and forwarding (Herzberg, 1959).Hygiene factors are factors which surround the job rather than the job itself (Herzberg, 1959). For example, a worker will only go to work if a business has provided a level-headed wage and safe working condition (Herzberg, 1959). However, these factors will not make him work harder at his job once he is there (Herzberg, 1959). Herzberg (1959) believed that businesses should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods.Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this objective are job enlargement (workers are given a greater variety of tasks to perform which can make the work more interesting job enrichment (workers are given a wider range of more complexes, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work, which can bring out a greater sense of achievement empowerment (employees are delegated more power to make their own decisions over areas of their working life) (Herzberg, 1959). Douglas McGregors theory X and theory Y supposition X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation created by Douglas McGregor in 1960s. Theory X and Theory Y are two discrete attitudes toward workforce motivation. According to McGregor, companies followed either one or the other approach, and the key to connecting self-actualization with work is determined by the managerial trust of subordinates (McGregor, 1960). In theory X, management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and they also inherently dislike work (McGregor, 1960).As a result, management believes that workers need to be closely supervised and comprehensive systems of controls developed (McGregor, 1960). (McGregor, 1960). According to this theory, employees will avoid responsibility whenever they can and so a hierarchical structure is needed with shockable span of control at each and every level (McGregor, 1960). A Theory X manager believes that his or her employees do not really essential to work therefore, it is the managers job to structure the work and energize the employee (McGregor, 1960).In theory Y, management assumes employees may be ambitious and self-motivated and exercise self-control (McGregor, 1960). It is believed that employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties (McGregor, 1960). They possess the ability for creative problem solving, but their talents are underused in most organizations (McGregor, 1960). Theory Y managers believe that employees will learn to search out and accept responsibility and to exercise self-control and self-direction in accomplishing objectives to which they are committed (McGregor, 1960).A Theory Y manager believes that, given the proper conditions, most people will require to do well at work (McGregor, 1960). They believe that the satisfaction of doing a good job is a voiceless motivation for employees (McGregor, 1960). For McGregor, Theory X and Y are not different ends of the same continuum (McGregor, 1960). If a manager needs to apply Theory Y principles, that does not retard him from being a part of Theory X & Y (McGregor, 1960). David McClellands motivational needs theory David McClelland is famous for describing three sorts of motivational need, hich were proposed in his earmark The Achieving Society (1967). These needs are order to different degrees in all workers and managers, and this mix of motivational needs characterizes a persons or managers style and behavior, b oth in terms of being motivated and in the management and motivation others (McClelland, 1967). The need for achievement (n-ach) The n-ach person is achievement motivated and therefore seeks achievement, attainment of realistic but challenging goals, and advancement in the job (McClelland, 1967).The n-ach person has a strong need for feedback as to achievement and progress, and a need for a sense of act (McClelland, 1967). The need for authority and power (n-pow) The n-pow person is authority motivated (McClelland, 1967). This driver produces a need to be influential, effective and to make an impact (McClelland, 1967). The n-pow perso has a strong need to lead and for their ideas to prevail (McClelland, 1967). The n-pow person also has motivation and need towards increasing personal status and prestige (McClelland, 1967).The need for draw (n-affil) The n-affil person is affiliation motivated, and has a need for friendly relationships and is motivated towards interaction with other people (McClelland, 1967). The affiliation driver produces motivation and need to be liked and held in popular regard. The n-affil person is team player (McClelland, 1967). McClelland (1967) suggested that most people possess and exhibit a combination of these characteristics. Some people exhibit a strong solidus to a particular motivational need and this motivational mix consequently affects their behavior and working/managing style (McClelland, 1967).McClelland (1967) proposed that a strong n-affil motivation undermines a managers objectivity, because they want their need to be liked, which affects a managers decision-making capability (McClelland, 1967). A strong n-pow motivation will produce a determined work ethic and commitment to the organization, eon n-pow people are more focused on the leadership role, which means they may not possess the required flexibility and people-centered skills (McClelland, 1967). Other motivation theory related to business managementWorkers in a ny organization need something to keep them motivated. If no motivation exists, employees quality of work in general will deteriorate. According to the system of scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911), a workers motivation is only determined by payment, and therefore management doesnt need to consider the psychological or social aspects of work. Essentially, in scientific management, human motivation is solely based on extrinsic rewards and it dismisses the idea of intrinsic reward.Elton mayo (1933) found out that the social contacts a worker has at the workplace are very important and that boredom and repetitiveness of tasks will reduce their motivation. mayo thought that workers can be motivated by acknowledging their social needs and making them feel important. Consequently, employees were given freedom to make decisions on the job and greater attention was paid to informal work groups. This dumbfound as named the Hawthorne effect by Mayo.At lower l evels of Maslows hierarchy of needs (1954), such as physiological needs, money is a motivator however it tends to have a motivating effect on staff only for a short period, in line with Herzberg(1959)s two-factor model of motivation. At higher levels of the hierarchy, praise, respect, recognition, empowerment and a sense of belonging are far more powerful motivators than money, as both Abraham Maslow(1954) and Douglas McGregor (1960)indicated. The assumptions of Maslow and Herzberg were challenged by a holy study at Vauxhall Motors UK manufacturing plant (Goldthorpe, Lockwood,Bechhofer and Platt, 1968).This study introduced the concept of orientation to work and identified three main orientations instrumental (where work is a means to an end), bureaucratic (where work is a source of status, security and immediate reward) and solidaristic (which prioritizes group loyalty) (Goldthorpe, Lockwood,Bechhofer and Platt, 1968). Other theories which expanded and extended those of Maslow and Herzberg included Kurt Lewins Force Field Theory (1938), Edwin Lockes Goal Theory (1996) and Victor Vrooms Expectancy theory (1964).These theories tend to emphasize cultural differences and the fact that individuals tend to be motivated by different factors at different multiplication In Essentials of Organizational manner, Robbins and Judge examined recognition programs as motivators, and identified five principles that contribute to the success of an employee incentive program (2007)recognition of employees individual differences, and clear appellative of behavior deemed worthy of recognition allowing employees to participate linking rewards to performance rewarding of nominators visibility of the recognition processChapter 3 Research Method This project is based on questionnaires among Subway employees, who receive the national minimum wage. The questionnaires is designed to highlight all the factors regarding motivation and distributed to various Subway stores in Birmingham. The data collected from the questionnaires is thereafter analyzed. 3. 1 The advantages and disadvantages of Questionnaire Questionnaires are one of the most popular research methods because they provide a simple way of collecting information from a targeted population.It is easy to analyze questionnaires, by the help of most statistical analysis software. In the terms of cost, they are very effective as well, comparing to face-to-face interviews (Seitz, 1944). Most people are well-known(prenominal) with questionnaires. Many people have had some experience of completing questionnaires. ). Unlike other research methods as telephone or face-to-face surveys,, the respondent is not interrupted by the research instrument. When a respondent receive a questionnaire, he/she is free to complete it whenever he /she want to (Jahoda, et al. , 1962).However, questionnaires may not be suited for everyone. For example, to a group of poorly educated people, a written survey might not work because t hey dont have sufficient reading skills. More often, some suitable group of people are simply neglected by written questionnaires because of misuse (Deutcher, 1956) Thanks to the uniform notification of question, questionnaires can also reduce the bias of respondents (Jahoda, et al. , 1962). Many researchers have found that voice inflections and mannerisms of the interviewers can have a bias on retorts (Barath and Cannell, 1976).Unlike face-to-face interview, there is no particular way of any verbal or visual clue to affect the reaction of a respondent. Since there is no interviewer, the questionnaire is not drug-addicted to this sort of bias. On the other hand, however, the researchers ability to probe rejoinders is limited by the lack of an interviewer. The flavor of the response is often lost in structured questionnaires as respondents always try to keep their break ups standard and easy to analyze(Walonick,1993). This advantages can be partially overcome by allowing space for other comments,.Another drawback of questionnaires is that they often results in low response rates (Robinson, 1952). Low rate of response is biggest problem to statistical analysis because it can dramatically lower the confidence of results and the credits of the research itself. However, response rates diverseness widely among different questionnaires. A well-designed study can probably produce high response rates. Another problem is attributed to the credibility of the answer itself. When questionnaires are returned, its assumed that the respondent is the same person you sent the questionnaire to.However, a number of researches have found that this may not actually be the case (Scott, 1961). It happen frequently those business questionnaires are passed to someone else for completion. For a variety of reasons, the respondent may not be who you think it is. For instance, housewives sometimes respond for their husbands. In a summary of five studies sponsored by the British Gove rnment, Scott (1961) reports that up to ten percent of the returned questionnaires had been completed by someone else other than the attempted person.To attach the response rate, the questionnaire of this research for this research have been designed to be simple and formatted. When distributing questionnaire, managers or employees are told about the purpose of this questionnaire and the way to post them back, in order to enlarge the response rate. 3. 2 Anonymity and Confidentiality Some studies have shown that response rate is affected by the anonymity/confidentiality policy of a study (Jones, 1979). Klein, Maher, and Dunnington (1967) reported that responses became more distorted when subjects felt threatened that their identities would become known.In this research, the name of the responses will be anonymous and confidential. Chapter 4 Research analysis 100 questionnaires have been distributed to 20 Subway stores throughout Birmingham. Within one month, 66 questionnaires have been returned. Within 66 respondents, 10 respondents are mangers, while 56 are crew members. 4. 1. The working lengths of employees in Subway Within 66 questionnaires, nearly half of the respondents have been working in Subway between 1 and 3 years. Others are either working less than one year or more than 3 years.Just a few people are working for more than 5 years put off 5. 1 Working lengths of employees in Subway 4. 2 Motivators of employees With all the motivational factors, money is still the determinable factor. The security of job and acknowledgement from managerial level are also influential to employee motivation. Aside the choices provided by questionnaires, there are some other elements mentioned. Relationship with colleagues and professional development are among those most popular. gameboard 5. 2 Motivators of Subway employees 4. 3 Motivation strategies used by Subway managerWithin seven common motivation strategies, positive reinforcement and effective discipline and punishment are used by all the managers. Treating people fairly, satisfying employees needs and setting work related goals are used by some of the managers. Restructuring job is used by few, while no one use base rewards on job performances as motivation strategy. Table 5. 3 Motivation strategies used by Subway manager 4. 4 Problems of motivation in Subway 35 respondents have indicated that they have considered leaving Subway. Hard work and low wage are main reasons.No professional development, bad relationship with colleagues and lack of job security are also influential. Table 5. 4 Problems of motivation in Subway Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation 5. 1 Reemphasis on the importance of motivation From the questionnaire, we can see most of the employees in Subway have been working for less than 5 years. This has shown that the rate of turnover in Subway is really high and the stability of Subway team is challenged throughout the time. Therefore, the performance of company will be affected by this. This research reemphasizes the importance of motivation in low income workplaces.Money as a main motivator Many motivation theories have indicated that money is not the main motivator in workplaces, as employees may find the security of job or the self-realization are more appealing. However, this research has found in low income working places as Subway, money (wage) is still the most essential motivator. In low income workplaces, more working time (shifts) mean more money. Therefore, to motivate employees, managers have to understand the needs of employees and properly distribute shifts to different employees. Other motivational factorsAs emphasized by many motivation theories, the security of job still remains one of the most important elements of employ motivation. Another motivator is the acknowledgement from managerial level. Professional development and promotion are also focused by employees, which indicate that company should set different professional development plan for different employees, in order to enhance the levels of their motivation. Lack of various motivation ways from managerial level This research has shown that there is a lack of motivation methods from the managerial level of Subway.Apart from the seven motivation strategies provided by questionnaire, there is no any other answer mentioned by Subway managers. Positive reinforcement and effective discipline and punishment are chosen by all the managers. Some managers select treating people fairly, satisfying employees needs and setting work related goals. Just 2 managers choose restructuring jobs as a way of motivating employees, which shows that most of the Subway employees are doing the same job throughout the time. Manager may need to find more ways to restructure the jobs among employees to arouse their motivation.All in all, to motivate different employees, managers have to use different motivation strategies. Some psychological test may help managers to under stand the different needs and thought motivation of distinct employees. Main problems of motivation in Subway Half of the employees are thinking of leaving Subway, which means that there are still in force(p) problems of motivation in Subway. Low wage is the most significant reason. Since most the crew member receive national minimum payment in Subway, the strategies of increase wages for employees who have been working for long time could help improve the situation.Apart from that, job difficulty is another reason for employees to leave. From this perspective, managers should talk to employees who have problems with their job. They could also change their job responsibilities to motivate them handle the problems met in workplaces. The worry of professional future is also another reason. As mentioned before, the professional development plan will help. excogitate security is mention here again. And relationship with colleagues could also affect employee motivation. Therefore, man agers should pay attention to team coordination to avoid any negative effect on employee otivation. thick This research has shown that in different workplaces, employees have different motivational factors. Upon different employee, his/her motivation will be different. Though in low income work places as Subway, money is still the main motivator, other factors can not be neglected as well. Meanwhile, there is a lack of various motivation strategies from managerial level in another word, there is no enough attention on employees motivation in Subway, which could make the situation worse.The awareness of the importance of motivation has to come from the upper level, and then the strategies can be implemented to make things really work out. Bibliography Atkinson, J. W. 1964. Introduction to Motivation. Princeton, NJ Van Nostrand. Barath, A. , and C. Cannell. 1976. Effect of Interviewers Voice Intonation. overt Opinion Quarterly 40370-373. Campbell, J. P. , & Pritchard, R. D. 1976. M otivation Theory in Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed. ), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 63130.Chicago Rand McNally. Deutcher, I. 1956. Physicians reply to a Mailed Questionnaire A Study in Resistantialism. Public Opinion Quarterly 20599-604. Goldthorpe, J. H. , Lockwood, D. , Bechhofer, F. and Platt, J. 1968. The Affluent Worker Attitudes and Behavior . Cambridge Cambridge University Press Herzberg, Frederick . 1959. The Motivation to Work, tender York John Wiley and Sons Jahoda, M. , M. Deutsch, and S. Cook. 1962. Research Methods in Social Relations. tonic York Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Jones, W. 1979. Generalizing Mail field of study Inducement Methods Population Interactions with Anonymity and Sponsorship. Public Opinion Quarterly 43102-111. Klein, S. , J. Mahler, and R. Dunnington. 1967. Differences between identified and anonymous subjects in responding to an industrial opinion survey. Journal of Applied Psychology 51152-160. Lewin, K. 1938. The Conceptual Representation and the Measurement of Psychological Forces. Durham, NC Duke University Press. Locke, E. A. 1996. Motivation with Conscious Goal Setting. Applied and Preventive Psychology Maslow, A. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. Maslow, A. 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York Harper. Maslow, A. 1971. The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. New York The Viking Press. Mayo, E. 1933. The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization. New York Macmillan. McClelland, David C. 1967. The Achieving Society The Free Press McGregor, Douglas. 1960. Human Side of Enterprise McGraw Hill Higher Education Robbins, Stephen P. Judge, Timothy A. 2007. Essentials of Organizational Behavior (9 ed. ), Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall Robinson, R. 952. How to boost returns from arms surveys. Printers Ink. 23935-37. Scott, C. 1961. Research on mail surveys. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 124143-205. Sei tz, R. 1944. How mail surveys may be made to pay. Printers Ink 20917-19. Seligman, Martin E. P. 1990. Learned Optimism, New York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. , p. 101 www. subway. co. uk Taylor, F. 1911. Scientific Management. New York Harper Vroom, V. H. 1964. Work and Motivation. New York Wiley. Walonick, D. 1993. StatPac Gold IV Survey & Marketing Research Edition. Minneapolis, MN StatPac Inc.

Communication in Early Childhood Essay

talk is the most important factor for childlike tikerens engageing and social development. Humans encounter the bizarre skills of language and speech to en fitted the sharing of information, knowledge and feelings with others. Early puerility pedagogues have an important prank to nurture and support the development of communicating in boorren. Communication skills are required in launch to deliver the right message and convey it properly to the minor. These involve body languages and nervus facialis expression.Without this, an educator loses the tie-in with a young kidskin since one appears to be cold. As an example, when one smiles while delivering the message, the child bequeath be more interested with what you have to offer in contrast to a stern control. hearing skills are those that are used in obtaining information and messages from others. It is imperative that you have the ability to receive feedback from the child so that you whitethorn know their needs. It serve considerablys to understand what a soul thinks and feels and hence to understand the child closely.Skills for managing the functioning of communication exit help the educator in recognising information required and developing a arduous hold on the rules of interaction and communication (MacCallion, 1988). Communication has been described as the process where information is transmittable from one person to another. This includes the use of both verbal and non-verbal means to convey a message. Non-verbal communication includes facial expression as salutary as body language. Good communication skills involve listening, reading, writing and speaking.An former(a) childhood educator deals with children between the ages of birth and 8years. It is at this age when the child learns to relate with others as well as society. Good communication skills are therefore essential for early childhood educators as they may influence the relationship between the instructor and childre n (Hubley, 1993). Teaching involves sending and receiving information from the students. Good communications skills will encourage the students to participate in the precept process. This helps portray take aim as a name where the students preserve share ideas as well as relate with society.At this early age, most of the children perceive school as a place that separates them from their family. It is likely that most of the children at this age will prefer to nonplus at home rather than attend school. Good communication skills will help encourage students to estimate school as a place of learning as well as a place they can express their own ideas (Joram, 1998). Good communication skills are essential in early childhood education. This is because at this age the child is learning how to express themselves both verbally and non-verbally.Children develop communication skills by exploring, sharing and interacting with adults through their own environment. According to recent stud ies, children at this age learn by find how their parents and caretakers behave. It is therefore essential that the educator has good communication skills as this will affect how the children express themselves and learn in the future (knott, 1979). The main aim of early childhood education is to encourage academic, emotional and bodily growth. However at this age the learning abilities of a child are not fully developed.In a recent study the concentration span of an adult is below 15 minutes while that of a child is less than 5 minutes. This means that the educator has to find ways to engage the child to maintain a longer concentration span. This involves the use of illustrations as well as demonstration that help capture the interest of the child. Good communication skills are essential in aiding the educators ability to maintain the childs concentration span (Joram, 1998). Early childhood education involves the use of play as the path of education.This is important in nurturin g the childs development as well as learning. Good communication skills are essential in providing an environment where the children feel free to play with each other as well as participate in the class activities. Play involves participation by the children as well the educator. It is essential for the early childhood educator to be able to create a nurturing environment where the child is confident to interact with others and express themselves. The role of the educator does not solely lie in teaching but also protectingthe child in the absence of their parents.The educator should promote the childs wellbeing both at school and home. As an example an early childhood educator may notice that children are not interested in the book corner yet all the children make love story time and also enjoy looking through the books afterwards, however they will not look at the books in the designated area. With further observation and interaction with the children, it is discovered the childre n have a fear of the vulnerability of a clown that is hanging above the book corner.Good communication skills cannot be ignored in providing an environment where the child feels able to express their fears openly. Listening, observing and interacting are a key role in enhancing good communication skills (Robinson, 2007). It is essential that the educator observes the children playing before participating in the play themselves. This helps the instructor understand the strengths and weaknesses of the children. It also helps the teacher avoid imposing adult ideas in the childrens play. Observation is a key aspect in developing good communication skills.It is through observation that the educator is able to take an initiative role. This means coming up with new ideas or processes that are based on the childrens ideas (McCarthy, 1996). Good communication skills can enable a teacher to organise parent teacher conferences which provide the opportunity for teacher and parents to discuss developmental skills, childrens work and to plan for future learning experiences. The educator can also engage the young child in cooperative learning where children eat up a project or task. Pairs work best in kindergartens.The tasks are in such a way that success of the performance is based on the pair rather than the individual. A good educator should therefore be able to ensure that communication is established in such learning experiences (Wubbels, 1992). riding habit of illustrations has been shown to build the imagination of a child immensely. Good communications skills emphasis on the power of expressing yourself not entirely by facial and gestures but also employing other teaching materials such as illustrations.By illustrating sections of a story or particular events, children can improve their interpretation andcomprehension. Children employ responses and personal ground when they see story characters visually. This develops a childs imagination and the ability to vis ualise and interpret printed and talk information (Hubley, 1993). The importance of communication cannot be stressed further when it comes to early childhood education. Communication skills are core of almost all activities that are practiced at this early age which dictates the type of person that one will grow to. Neither can the importance of communication skills be neglected or ignored.Effective communication promotes the interest and needs of the young child. The child will show interest only if the teacher is loaded with gestures, confidence and softness. Improving of the communication skills have been shown to bring about a nonsensical bond between the childhood educator and the child. The most important aspects of life are greatly influenced by good communication skills. This leads to respectful and meaningful relationships between the educator and child. In order to feel and have the bliss of healthy emotions at home, there is a need to develop communication skills when it comes to children.Some educators are not worried when it comes to communication and therefore emotional attachments are rare. Emotions connect human beings in a complex fashion. It is therefore paramount that early childhood educators acquire good skills of communication to ensure that the young brain is able to gather as much as possible and express as much. In insideng so, the young child would be able to learn more and the literacy and learning capability levels of the general population could reach unimaginable levels. Reference List MacCallion, M. (1998). The Voice Book.London, UK Faber & Faber. Hubley, J. (1993) . Communication Health. London, UK Macmillan. Joram, E. (1998). Transforming obstacles into opportunity. Teaching and teacher education, 14 (2), 175-191. doi10. 1016/S0742-051X(97)00035-8 Knott, P. (1979). Nonverbal Communication during Early Childhood. Communicating with Young Children 18 (4) 226-233 http//www. jstor. org/stable/1476648 Robinson, M. (2007). Child De velopment and deportment 0-8 A Journey through the Early Years. Maidenhead, UK Open University Press. McCarthy, P (1996). Speaking Persuasively. Sydney Allen & Unwin.