Commercial Aircraft Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Commercial Aircraft Industry - Essay Example This tells just how competitive an industry really is. A market structure defines the condition of a prevailing market and identifies how it is made up in terms of Perfect Competition: Large number of firms, with homogenous products, characterizes this and therefore there is no specific preference by the consumer for the product. The barriers of entry are low and so competitors exit in and out of the market. Since there is myriad options for the customers, prices are set by customer demand. Consumers and suppliers have a complete knowledge of the market. In an ideal scenario, a perfectly competitive market on one extreme balances a monopoly on the other. In reality, no such thing as a true perfectly competitive market exists. Let us now consider the other popular types of market structures, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. Monopolistic Competition: Monopolistic competition is a market structure in which many companies operate independent of each other in an industry. In monopolistic competition, there are too many companies and so the primary aim is to attract customers to one's own product specifications. In monopolistic competition due to the large number of firms, the companies can enter the market relatively easily since the barriers of entry are less, although more compared to perfect competition. This makes profit margins low due to the long-term equilibrium Due to the competitions; firms drop prices in order to expand volumes. Monopolistic competition has a normal downward-sloping demand curve. The competing companies in monopolistic competition are forced to vary the price rather than set a stable price and hold it. In monopolistic competition, there are many firms vying for control of one market. Each firm offers a different type of product or differentiate their product to achieve that edge in marketing of their products. Differentiation is a necessity to attract consumers by a parameter beyond the price. Monopoly: A monopoly is a market structure in which, there is only one company that operates within the industry. This generally does not exist, since substitutes in some form emerge usually. Unregulated monopolies with no government ties can generally do whatever they want. After all, there is no one else to offer a different sort of service or a different price. Monopoly may be characterized by high influence on prices and output. Barriers of entry are high and pricing strategies are employed to stifle competition. Monopolies are achieved by being the first in the field, by mergers and acquisitions or being a patent holder or by nationalisation. Complacency may be an issue due to the lack of competition, rendering it inefficient and consumers may be affected by the high pricing power of the firm. Oligopoly: An oligopoly is a market structure in which there are a small number of interdependent companies in the industry. In oligopolies, there are few companies so if you were a company and you made some sort of decision, it will

How Technology Has Change Our Lives Essay Example for Free

How Technology Has Change Our Lives Essay Throughout the years technology is in constantly changing. It’s almost impossible just to think how different the technology was. I noticed how rapidly the technology change in our classrooms. For example, a video recorder or a side projector is almost obsolete now in days. We can now rely on most efficient technology. There are some good sides to this, for example we are no longer held captive by the prime-time schedules of a handful of networks. Now, with cable, internet and DVRs, we dont have to wait for our favorite shows. Now we can go back and watch an entire seasons that we may have missed the first time around Social media has been for me the most important change; because, we depend on them as a way of communicate nowadays. Websites like twitter and Facebook have given birth to the new concept of social media marketing. From chat rooms, Messenger, Myspace and social dating has changed the way we are communicating, Instead of sending letters to respective destinations, it is very easy to send an email which will be received instantly. Along with these social sites, the way that people put themselves in the internet has now more impact in others than it did ten years ago. I think we underestimate the power of social media. Now days whatever you put on any social site is for the entire world, and is likely to be for a long time in the future. Family, friends, new bosses and co-workers, potential clients and business partners, prospective love interests theyre all checking you out. How you present yourself in the province of social media can change your life in ways you never thought possible for better and for worse. Read more:Â  Technology Changed Our Lives

Narrative on Brown v. Board of Education Exhibit Essay -- Narrative Pa

Narrative Assignment Walking into a lecture hall in Gregory Hall, I really didn’t know what to expect. I dressed as I would any other day; an Abercrombie shirt, a pair of frayed shorts and some casual sandals. I sat towards the front of the room and arrived slightly early to ensure a good seat. The name of this Brown v. Board education discussion was entitled, "Rethinking Slavery: 1800-1861,† and was arranged by the Mellon initiative. As I waited to observe the audience as they filled the seats with pencil in hand, I was amazed by the amount of diversity I saw before me. By the time the lecture was ready to set foot, I observed that nearly the entire lecture hall was filled. I would say that the hall where our discussion was being held in could probably hold around 300 people. The majority of the audience was not students forced to write a paper on the Brown v. Board Commemoration events, but rather scholars who were on average in their mid-40s. It seemed as though everyone knew each other to some degree. At one point, I saw a woman walk in with her young son and they were greeted by one of the first presenters. Oftentimes, groups of 2 or 3 walked into the room and they would sit down in no particular section of the seating and proceed to talk moderately loudly and peacefully. There was a sense of joy and rejuvenation in the air. After making my final observations of the crowd, I noted that it was a pr edominantly white showing! Not something I would expect to see when attending a discussion on slavery. It was a spectacle for me to see a group of Asian Americans nodding in unison when points were made during the seminar relating to black and white race relations. I would say that African-Americans wer... ...ree topics in detail instead of giving us new incite on slavery? Finally what followed was a short question and answer section. Professor Ira Berlin was so excited about getting food at the following reception that he had to be reminded about the questioning section. How much compassion does that show I wondered? I observed that most of the questions Professor Berlin received were from African-American’s though their presence in the lecture was towards the bottom of the spectrum. The majority of questions that were being asked inferred the level of political correctness in the way in which Berlin addressed certain racial issues. It seemed as though the questions were rather insignificant and that the questioners knew the answers they’d receive before they asked them. After all, wasn’t everyone in that room that attended voluntarily there for the same general cause?

My Market Research Plan Essay

The business is an online clothing brand that sells products like beanies, hats, jumpers or t shirts exclusive to the brand. Purpose of the market research (eg to understand the behaviour of my customers, to find out who my competitors are and what they are doing, to understand what the market is like that I am entering etc) The purpose of this market research is to have an important knowledge about the market that I’m entering, to know the strengths and weaknesses of every direct and indirect competitor in order to find the gaps in the market that can lead to the success of the brand. Another purpose of the market research is to understand what products customers want, and how they want it, they prices they can afford for every product and where they prefer to buy the products. This also helps to find out what promotion strategy the company should use. Research Objectives (i.e. what do you want to find out eg to find out the size of my potential market, to find out what my potential customers want / need etc) My two main research objectives are to find the importance of the business in the market of online retailers during its first two years and to see if a retailer with such prices for quality products will become popular among the social networks where most of the small businesses get known. Research methods to be used The two primary research methods that I will use are questionnaires and focus group. By using these two types of primary research, I can gather both quantitative and qualitative data. A group of 8 people claiming to have fashion knowledge will be recorded while commenting about different aspects of fashion trends during time periods, how they change and how to please customers the most. The questionnaires will allow us to know the range of  prices customers can pay for trendy clothes and how they prefer the products ( quality, comfortable†¦) I will use company reports and annual abstracts of statistics as secondary research methods in order to get important information about our competitors and their activities. The statistics will help us to see how trends have influenced the market and how they will influence it in the future. That information might help on how to control the financial cash flows of the business because we can see what our competitors spent most of their income on. We’ll use the experience of the others businesses to avoid making the same mistakes. Market research questions (include the actual questions you will be using in your market research) The market research questions to be used in my market research surveys or interviews are: – How often do you shop online? – Do you prefer to shop online or at the store? Why? – What type of items do you buy the most? – Do you follow trends? – Do you follow fashion blogs? – What is your dressing style? – How much do you usually spend on clothes per month? – What shops do you most visit? – Are you happy with the prices you pay for your purchases?

Undue Influence

As James Munby firmly stated, â€Å"it is impossible to define, and difficult even to describe, at what point at which the influence becomes, in the eye of law, undue. † The doctrine of undue influence has been agreed upon as â€Å"the ground of relief developed by the courts of equity as a court of conscience. † It is an ordinary behaviour to influence individuals and persuade them to enter into transactions. However, the aim is to ensure that the influence exercised is not abused.On the grounds of these concepts, it is impossible to set a flawless higher definitive criterion to be directly applied in every case to recognize whether undue influence had been exercised or not. Attempting to do that has been problematic. Firstly, courts have not been able to always distinguish between undue influence and unconscionability dealing. Secondly, titles categorizing undue influence as either â€Å"claimant-sided† or â€Å"defendant-sided† have not been successful in presenting undue influence as an independent doctrine.Thirdly, subdividing undue influence into categories and setting rules under them increased the possibility of misconceptions arising. Since undue influence is an equitable doctrine, the criteria set to define it ought to only provide a framework for judges to exercise their jurisdiction. Hence, it allows them to assess cases flexibly based on the particulate facts provided rather than looking at undue influence as a common law doctrine and applying the rules set strictly.A main difficulty in attempting to set a comprehensive definitive description of undue influence is its numerous resemblances with the unconscionability notion. The usage of the word â€Å"unconscionable† in describing undue influence has established an opinion that it is based on the Unconscionability Bargains doctrine. Furthermore, misconception can be recognized in the case Lloyds Bank Plc v Lucken, where Mr. Lucken had pressured Mrs. Lucken to obta in a loan using her house’s security. Mrs. Lucken ultimately agreed to Mr. Lucken’s request, and the money was lent to one of Mr.Lucken's eventually failing businesses. She later claimed that the charge was impeachable because Mr. Lucken had exercised undue influence upon her. The Court of Appeal refused relief disputing that the pressure placed was not â€Å"unconscionable. † Tending to define undue influence in an excessive precise manner using the word â€Å"unconscionable† has rather caused confusion and difficulty in terms of separating it from unconscionability dealing. Therefore, even if the two doctrines share similarities, they should still be distinguished.Undue Influence is concerned with â€Å"the quality of the consent or assent of the weaker party,† while unconscionable dealing is concerned with â€Å"the conduct of the stronger party in attempting to enforce, or retain the benefit of, a dealing with a person under a special disabili ty in circumstances where it is not consistent with equity. † Legal certainty requires that they be distinct; hence there should not be an attempt to limit undue influence under a precise definition unless it would be used to represent and clarify that it is an independent doctrine.There has been an ongoing debate on whether undue influence is categorized as a â€Å"claimant-oriented† or â€Å"defendant-oriented† doctrine. The defendant approach suggests that it is â€Å"illegitimate† or â€Å"unconscionable. † As Lord Hoffman stated in R v Attorney-General for England and Wales, â€Å"undue influence has concentrated in particular upon the unfair exploitation by one party of a relationship which gives him ascendancy or intense over the other. † Including â€Å"unacceptable means† and â€Å"unfair exploitation† within the definition makes it powerfully appear as defendant focused.Furthermore, claimant-sided orientation defines t he influence as being â€Å"overbearing† and â€Å"too high. † It originally aimed to differentiate unconscionability from undue influence, but rather obliquely connected it to another doctrine. It was pointed by Birks and Chin when they said, â€Å"Some jurists will still be attracted by the simplicity of the defendant-sided analysis, and they will point out, correctly, that the number of cases in which there is no unconscionable behaviour is very small†¦If there are two doctrines, there are two doctrines†¦The correct approach will be to treat both undue influence and duress as plaintiff-sided factors which ground relief based on a degree of impairment of the plaintiff's capacity to make decisions. † Even though they tend to separate the two doctrines, they still tend to relate it to duress. A new approach can be taken -that presents undue influence as a flexible doctrine- including the presence of flaws within the claimant and defendant oriented defi nitions.It can be said that undue influence can be both â€Å"excessive† (claimant-focused) and used in an â€Å"improper† or â€Å"unconscionable† manner (defendant-focused) depending on the facts of the case. Some of cases set under presumed undue influence had been miscategorised after directly applying the rules rather than interpreting the facts valuably. To prove that presumed undue influence has been exercised, the claimant has to establish â€Å"a relationship of trust and confidence† and consequently prove a â€Å"transaction that calls for an explanation. Scepticism is apparent, as shown by Lord Browne Wilkinson when he describes those certain relationships as â€Å"a matter of law [that] raise the presumption that undue influence has been exercised. † In other words, the relationship itself might give rise to a presumption of undue influence as applied under the two requirements. It should be observed each relationship should be interpr eted individually rather than being grouped into a certain type. If jurists apply the rules rigorously, they will only be; as Lord Nicholls refers to in Etridge, presuming that influence exists.Presumed undue influence taxonomy appears to have characteristics that divert undue influence from its essence meaning. It had been subdivided into firstly, â€Å"certain relationships as a matter of law raise the presumption that undue influence had been exercised,† and secondly, that â€Å"the complainant proves the existence of a relationship under which the complainant generally reposed trust and confidence in the wrongdoer. † Even if certain relationships do fall under the categories, they should not override the evidence set in the case facts that show whether undue influence has been exercised.It is supported by Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead when he says, â€Å"The types of relationship, such as parent and child, in which this principle falls to be applied, cannot be liste d exhaustively. Relationships are infinitely various†¦It would be absurd for the law to preserve that every gift by a child to a parent, or every transaction between a client and his solicitor or between a patient and his doctor, was brought about by undue influence. † Due to the flaws within their definitions, the subdivisions set under presumed undue influence would only aid in describing the various parameters of previous cases.However, once jurists intend to view them as firm rules that should be applied to any case that seems to relate to a certain criteria, they will be contradicting the overall idea that the doctrine is equitable. Flaws within the definition of actual undue influence caused it to overlap with other doctrines, hence emerging to misinform its overall implication. In Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge , Lord Hobhouse defined it as â€Å"an equitable wrong committed by the dominant party against the other which makes it unconscionable for the domina nt party to enforce his legal rights against he other. † Also, Lord Nicholls emphasized that uncertainty builds up after subdividing the doctrine to actual undue influence, as it â€Å"compromises overt acts of improper pressure over or in such as unlawful threats. † Thus, it has â€Å"much overlap with the principle of duress as this principle has subsequently developed. † Flaws within the definition are evident, since it doesn’t seem to directly reflect a complete definition of undue influence that doesn’t overlap with other doctrines.Furthermore, in Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v Aboody, the Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal because it had not been shown that the transactions were manifestly disadvantageous to Mrs. Aboody, because even though Mr. Aboody had unduly influenced her, he had not acted with any improper motive. It appears that the Court of Appeal; after recognising that the case is similar with others which had previ ously been classified as actual undue influence cases, had directly applied the rules set strictly under it without recognising that equity cases are variant and can be each judged valuably by their unique facts.The nature of the requirement â€Å"manifestly disadvantageous† was not used as its originator Lord Scarman had intended. This had been shown in the earlier case Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v Aboody. â€Å"In a narrow sense, such a transaction plainly ‘manifestly' is disadvantageous to the wife. She undertakes a serious financial obligation, and in return she personally receives nothing. But that would be to a relationship of solicitor and client or medical advisor and patient, in the case of husband and wife there are intent reasons why such a transaction may well be for her benefit. The latter extract added the factor of â€Å"intention. † Intention appears to be a subjective matter that would be proven under the facts of a certain cas e, rather than applying the rules set under the categories of undue influence. Such cases therefore, â€Å"cannot be approached solely on a mathematical basis: it involves a value judgment. † This directly relates to the original nature of undue influence, where its flexibility should be granted rather than it being applied under regulations.The label â€Å"manifestly disadvantageous† should not be rejected, but only be set to clarify possibilities of what Lords may adopt in certain undue influence cases as Lord Scarman has proposed in National Westminster Bank Plc v Morgan. Overall, since it is a well vitiated concept known to be an equitable jurisdiction, courts should apply the doctrine of undue influence flexibly based on the facts of the case. There have been many subdivisions and titles that were set under undue influence. Firstly, arguments on whether undue influence is claimant-oriented or defendant-oriented.Secondly, divisions that are known as actual and pres umed undue influence (as well as subdivisions and requirements under them). Such criteria can be useful in describing the different parameters on what undue influence is generally all about. However, if the intention is to use it strictly to decide whether undue influence has been exercised or not, the flaws within their definitions might lead to misconceptions. Accordingly, returning to the basic definition that has been agreed upon would reduce the bewilderment and increase the possibilities that courts make correct jurisdictions. ——————————————- [ 2 ]. Bank of Scotland v Bennett [1997] 1 F. L. R. 801. [ 3 ]. Stone R. and Cunnington, R. : Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law ( Routledge-Cavendish, Oxon 2007) 749 [ 4 ]. Devenny and Chandler , Unconscionability and the Taxonomy of Undue Influence [2007] JBL 541 [ 5 ]. [1998] 4 All E. R. 738 [ 6 ]. Devenny and Chandler , Unconsciona bility and the Taxonomy of Undue Influence [2007] JBL 541 [ 7 ]. Stone R. and Cunnington, R. : Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law ( Routledge-Cavendish, Oxon 2007) 753 [ 8 ]. ibid 752 [ 9 ]. [2003] UK PC 22 [ 10 ]. McKendrick, E.Contract Law (6th edn Palgrave MacMillan, New York 2005) [ 11 ]. Stone R. and Cunnington, R. : Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law ( Routledge-Cavendish, Oxon 2007) 752 [ 12 ]. Birks, P and Chin, NY, â€Å" On the nature of undue influence† , in Beatson, J and Friedmann, D (eds), Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law ( Clarendon, Oxford 1995) 95 [ 13 ]. ibid 758 [ 14 ]. Barclays Bank v O'Brien [1994] A. C. 180 at 189 [ 15 ]. Enonchong, N. â€Å"Presumed undue influence: continuing misconceptions? † (2005) LQR (accessed 12 December 2008) [ 16 ]. Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge [2002] 2 AC 773 [ 17 ]. Stone R. and Cunnington, R. Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law ( Routledge-Cavendish, Oxon 2007) 758-759 [ 18 ]. Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge [2002] 2 AC 773 [ 19 ]. [2002] 2 AC 773 [ 20 ]. McKendrick, E. Contract Law   (6th edn Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2005) 365 [ 21 ]. ibid [ 22 ]. [1990] 1 Q. B. 923 at 953 [ 23 ]. Stone R. and Cunnington, R. : Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law ( Routledge-Cavendish, Oxon 2007) 756-757 [ 24 ]. Collins , H. The Law of Contract (4th edn LexisNexis, London 2003) 144-145 [ 25 ]. Devenny and Chandler , Unconscionability and the Taxonomy of Undue Influence [2007] JBL 541 [ 26 ]. [1985] 1 AC 686 at 709

Real World Marketing with a Focus on Promotion

Real World Marketing with a Focus on Promotion Outline Broader issues of the lighthouse identity B2C and B2B marketing communications The customer is the king Real world marketing with a focus on promotion Broader issues of the lighthouse identity Lighthouse identity is recognized as a vital credo in Morgan’s four stages, in the journey of a challenger. There are several broader issues to consider when considering the Lighthouse Identity. A challenger brand is not successful in a mature classification, because it is more trustworthy or convenient.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Real World Marketing with a Focus on Promotion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrary, it is successful because it delivers an emotional brand or relationship, to the extent that the Establishment brand never matches. This implies that the consumer’s emotions are realigned. It is imperative that the challenger brand has an emotionally- based and stronger link wit h the consumer, as opposed to the Brand leader (Duncan Moriarty, 1998: 12). It is worth mentioning that a Lighthouse Identity not only defines the brand, but also the business that the brand belongs to. In mature brands, a brand’s planning role is adding, as well as extracting value. Being a Challenger, success is achieved through having a clear sense of what and who you are as a business/ brand, and why. Consequently, the identity should be projected saliently, consistently, and intensely, just like a lighthouse (Chen Xie, 2008: 486). This is aimed at ensuring that the consumer notices them, although they may not have been looking out for them. Irrespective of the fact that goods have always been considered as a way of communicating, the present brands are more than goods. They are more than a communication form, and are navigation. Brand leaders should treat communication publicity and ideas as assets, which are high- leveraged (Duncan Moriarty, 1998: 9). Moreover, they should maintain this notion within the company. Over- commitment means considering barriers and focusing on avoiding them prior to their occurrence. To achieve over- commitment, it is crucial to identify irrefutable causes of failure in core marketing tasks. Consequently, there should be brainstorming on the most effective ways to reverse or neutralize the failures.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More B2C and B2B marketing communications B2B (Business- to- Business) and B2C (Business- to- Consumer) are commercial transaction forms. B2C involves the consumers buying products directly. On the other hand, in B2B, services and products are sold to other businesses. Purchasing Process: in B2B buying, there is an extremely complex purchasing process. This is because business purchasers buy services and products for use within the company (Ray, 1973: 160). On the other hand, consumers purchase services and products meant for individual use. In B2B, professionals from various departments are involved in decision making. Payment: in B2C, all the customers pay similar prices for products bought. In B2B, prices are different and depend on the customer. Customers who negotiate or place enormous orders are treated differently from other customers. There are also varying payment mechanisms. Transactions: in B2C transactions, customers choose products, which they pay for at the POS (Point of Sale) through various payment mechanisms. B2B transactions need an extremely complicated business system. Consumers use agreed logistic channels to carry out their transactions. Customers get an invoice which is settled within the agreed payment terms, as opposed to the delivery time (Morgan, 2009). B2B is associated with several advantages, especially in the advent of the internet. These advantages include increased awareness of businesses, as well as their services or pro ducts. Second, there is better interaction where marketers interact directly with customers through the website or email marketing. Particularly, the internet offers information and awareness, which results to better service. In B2B, there is a benefit of refined messaging, since through the internet, marketers can acquire information about their consumers (Chen Xie, 2008: 486). Marcoms reaps these benefits by using B2B marketing communication. Considering the financial hard times, Morgan’s challenger theory is relevant to the pragmatic and tough B2B world. The Customer is the King All marketers agree that the customer is the king. However, Morgan advises that there is a need to progress to the consequent stage after the business becomes a big fish. This implies that the customer is no longer accorded keen interest. This is a key strategy, as opposed to a mistake (Ray, 1973: 150). It is worth mentioning that brand leaders are not just big, nor do they enjoy proportionately b igger benefits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Real World Marketing with a Focus on Promotion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consumer awareness: consumers never purchase a brand they are unfamiliar with. The marketer’s assumption is that there is a connection between ‘spontaneous’ and ‘top of mind’ awareness, when there is quasi- exponential relationship. In cases where the brand rings in the mind first (‘top of mind’ awareness), the result is a multiple ‘spontaneous’ rise. There is also the aspect of shopping, loyalty, and purchase. The voice’s share in comparison to the footfall share appears the same to everybody apart from the brand leader, who experiences a much greater footfall. This is even in cases where he is supported by comparatively low voice. Double jeopardy of brands is modelled and observed for more than thirty five years across vari ous cultures and markets. In such cases, the brand leader experiences greater penetration together with consumers, who purchase the brand more often. The key impact is profitability; the brand leaders make more profit than anyone else. Real World Marketing with a Focus on Promotion Marcoms drivel can best be prevented through utilising real marketing executives who are practical, solid, and down- to- earth. Moreover, the marketing executives should possess an eye for promotion. It is imperative that promotional messages tell a story, and that the ideas stick in consumers’ minds. There is immense power in promotional advertising. Presently, promotional products are positioned as components of the promotional purchaser’s communication mix, and not as pure products. It is imperative that marketing executives focus on promotion because as a result of the unique nature, these products are used and kept, resulting to voluntary repeated retention, recognition, and exposure of the advertisers’ message and name. In this regard, marketing executives should target the audience specifically, so as to ensure effective promotional products (Morgan, 2009). Moreover, they should select items keenly to ensure they are appealing to customers, have a positive response, and that waste distribution is eliminated. Exceptional marketing executives possess excellent communication skills. These include excellent oral and written communication skills. Communication is an extremely vital connection between customer service, sales, production, and management.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketing executives should possess the necessary skills to ensure that they identify their clients’ needs, and meet them in a timely manner (Chen Xie, 2008: 486). Effective promotion and marketing using the promotional and marketing mixes ensures a greater market share for the company, and satisfaction of the client’s needs. The marketing executive should be aggressive enough and engage in marketing plans, market conditions, and assess customer research. They should collaborate with other professionals in determining services and products demand. Marketing executives are principally involved in marketing the company, and they should be exceptionally aggressive. References Chen, Y Xie, J 2008, â€Å"Online consumer review: Word-of-mouth as a new element of marketing communication mix†, Management Science, vol. 54 no. 3, pp. 477-491. Duncan, T Moriarty, S. E 1998, â€Å"A communication-based marketing model for managing relationships†, The Journal of ma rketing, pp. 1-13. Morgan, A 2009, Eating the Big Fish: how challenger brands can compete against brand leaders, New Jersey, Wiley. Ray, M. L 1973, â€Å"Marketing communication and the hierarchy of effects†, New models for communication research, pp. 146-175.

Can You Take the ACT in College

Can You Take the ACT in College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you took the ACT in high school, you were probably perfectly content to bid it farewell when you want on to college. If you didn't take it in high school, you were probably just as glad to get a pass on that particular trial. But what if you need to take it after you graduate? Can you take the ACT in college? Yes! It's absolutely possible to take the ACT in college; there's nothing standing in your way.This article will discuss reasons to take the ACT as a college student, what the process is like, and what makes it different than taking it in high school. Reasons to Take the ACT in College There are a few reasons a person might need to take the ACT in college. Some scholarships- and even jobs- require applicants to provide their scores. Usually that means scores from a high school test date, but, if youdidn't take the ACT in high school, or if you need higher scores and you think you can do better, then it may become necessary to take the test later on. Always be in contact with the organization you're applying to or through in order to get the most precise and specific information. Most of the time, if you're thinking about taking the ACT in college, it's connected to a prospective transfer.Many schools require ACT scores, and you want to put your very best foot forward. That may mean retesting, if your high school scores weren't great. Some schools have different requirements for different circumstances. They may require scores only for first-year and possibly second-year applicants. They may require scores only if students already took the test. Other schools are test-optional or test-blind. This means that you will not be required to submit test scores, whether you're a transfer or applying afresh. Test-optional schools will accept scores but do not require them, where as test-blind schools will not look at your scores at all. The moral of the story is, you need to know the policy of the college in question. If you can't find the necessary information online- and many colleges have web pages specific to transfer policies- it's important to contact someone at the school. The website may have an email address for the administrative offices; otherwise, you'll have to pick up a phone and call. This student iswondering just how badly he needs those ACT scores. Logistics of Taking the ACT in College The mechanics of taking the test will be largely unchanged for you as a college student. If you took it in high school, it's going to be the same basic deal, logistically, as it was then. How to Register You can register online or, technically, by mail. Now, it's not especially convenient to do it by mail, but it's possible. You'll berequired to submit a picture and providesome very basic personal information, and you'll be asked to answer a number of non-mandatory questions about coursework, etc.Online, the process is said to take about 40 minutes. Where Can You Take It You're going to be taking the ACT at a test center. This might be a high school, or it might be a college campus; either way, you'll be taking it with local high schoolers. The fact that you're a college student isn't treated specially. You'll be takingthe ACTthe same way, in the same place, as all the other test-takers. Advice for Testers in College Remember, the ACT is designed for high schoolers. Don't think, though, that it'll be a breeze for you just because you're in college. You've probably gotten a little rusty on some of those high school topics. Recall that the ACT tests reading, math, English, science, and writing. Depending on your major, you may not have been coveringall of these topics in your college coursework. In other words, one way or another, it's been awhile since you were fully fluent in everything the ACT tests you on. As such, it's important to prep for the testand get back up to speed on anything that's fallen by the wayside. Realize that the test does undergo changes from time to time. There hasn't been any major overhaul recently, but there have been a few pronounced adjustments. As of last year, there are nowpaired passages on the Reading test, and the Writing test has been completely redesigned.The test is going to be at least a little different than the last time you took it (if you've taken it at all). This is another reason to prepare. On the ACT, as in an emergency, it's always best to be prepared. 3 Key Tips on Preparing for the ACT in College The logistics of registration may not change much from high school to college, but your strategy on how to prepare should. Get Familiar with the ACT's Unique Style Questions on the ACT are not designed to mimic our everyday interactions; the questions are dense and rigid, as are the answer choices. It's definitely not anything insurmountable, but you don't want to let this fact slow you down on test day. Therefore, it's important to take a practice test and examine practice questions to get a feel for the style and tone of the test. Review Topics You're Not Fully Secure On As mentioned above, there are bound to be a few subjects you've kind of forgotten. It's not wise to take the test cold; if you do, you're taking a serious gamble. If your score is not what you want, you've lost the test fee and several hours of your weekend- for nothing. A little preparation in the first place will save you that headache and help you avoid needing to take the thing yet again. Consider Your Schedule and Your Needs College, for many people, is an extraordinarily busy time. It's a time when we're learning how to balance involvementin the activities we're passionate about with the need for downtime. Classes are already grueling; add on sports, clubs, jobs, and hanging out with friends, and things can get out of hand quickly. Be realistic, then, about your limits. Give yourself plenty of time to study. Check your schedule and your syllabi- don't commit to taking the ACT in the midst of midterms or anything like that! You don't want too many tests piling up on the horizon. Conclusion There are a few reasons to take the ACT in college, and we've talked a little about how to approach the task. The whole process is basically the same as it is for high schoolers: you'll be registering the same way, and you'll be in a test center with high schoolers. Still, you need to recognize that you're approaching it at a different age and from a different era in your life. The main relevance of this is the importance of studying for the test ahead of time; it's not designed for college students, so you need to get used to the way it works. What's Next? Read more about the logistics of the ACT in general. It's a good idea to be familiar with the process of the test. Remember that all questions on standardized tests can be viewed as analytical. Let that inform your approach onthe test. Since the essay may be a little different than what you're writing in your classes, take some time to get used to how to handle the Writing section. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.